J.N.K. declares consulting services for AstraZeneca, UK; Owkin, France; DoMore Diagnostics, Norway; Panakeia, UK; Scailyte, Switzerland; Cancilico and Mindpeak, Germany; and MultiplexDx, Slovakia; holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany and Synagen GmbH, Germany; and has received a research grant from GSK and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Janssen, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. D.F. holds shares in Synagen GmbH, Germany. S.G. declares a nonfinancial interest as an advisory group member of the EU-coordinated ‘Study on Regulatory Governance and Innovation in the field of Medical Devices’ conducted on behalf of the DG SANTE of the European Commission; has current or former consulting relationships with Una Health GmbH, Lindus Health Ltd., Flo Ltd., Thymia Ltd., the FORUM Institut für Management GmbH, High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH and Ada Health GmbH; and holds share options in Ada Health GmbH. D.T. holds shares in StratifAI GmbH and Synagen GmbH and has received honoraria for lectures from Bayer. No other competing interests are declared by any of the authors.