World Health Organization (2011) Global burden of mental disorder and the need for comprehensive, coordinated response from the health and social sectors at the country level. World Health Organization, Geneva

Google Scholar 

Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B (2007) Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World health surveys. Lancet 370(9590):851–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression (1993). Am J Psychiatry 150(5):720–727. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.5.720

Melhem NM, Porta G, Oquendo MA, Zelazny J, Keilp JG, Iyengar S, Burke A, Birmaher B, Stanley B, Mann JJ, Brent DA (2019) Severity and variability of depression symptoms predicting suicide attempt in high-risk individuals. JAMA Psychiat 76(6):603–613. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4513

Article  Google Scholar 

Ayuso-Mateos JL, Nuevo R, Verdes E, Naidoo N, Chatterji S (2010) From depressive symptoms to depressive disorders: the relevance of thresholds. Br J Psychiatry 196(5):365–371. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.071191

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cloninger CR (2012) Healthy personality development and well-being. World Psychiatry 11(2):103–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.019

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fan X, Guo X, Ren Z, Li X, He M, Shi H, Zha S, Qiao S, Zhao H, Li Y, Pu Y, Liu H, Zhang X (2021) The prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people. J Affect Disord 293:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.044

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo W, Zhao M (2021) Trends and socioeconomic differentials in depression prevalence in China, 2010–2018. Chin J Sociol 7(4):535–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X211043008

Article  Google Scholar 

Bell A (2020) Age period cohort analysis: a review of what we should and shouldn’t do. Ann Hum Biol 47(2):208–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1707872

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Land KC (2013) Age-period-cohort analysis: new models, methods, and empirical applications. CRC Press, USA

Google Scholar 

He J, Ouyang F, Li L, Qiu D, Li Y, Xiao S (2021) Incidence trends of major depressive disorder in China: an age-period-cohort modeling study. J Affect Disord 288:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.075

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai R, Dong W, Peng Q, Bai Z (2022) Trends in depression incidence in China, 1990–2019. J Affect Disord 296:291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.084

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Zhao M (2021) Gender disparities and depressive symptoms over the life course and across cohorts in China. J Affect Disord 295:620–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.134

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiao C, Weng LJ, Botticello A (2009) Do older adults become more depressed with age in Taiwan? The role of social position and birth cohort. J Epidemiol Commun Health 63(8):625–632. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.082230

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shao J, Li D, Zhang D, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Qi X (2013) Birth cohort changes in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 28(11):1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3942

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li D, Zhang D, Shao J, Qi X, Tian L (2014) A meta-analysis of the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 58(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.016

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lim LL, Chang W, Yu X, Chiu H, Chong M-Y, Kua E-H (2011) Depression in Chinese elderly populations. Asia Pac Psychiatry 3(2):46–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2011.00119.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Yu J, Li J, Cuijpers P, Wu S, Wu Z (2012) Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27(3):305–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2721

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun J, Ryder AG (2016) The Chinese experience of rapid modernization: sociocultural changes, psychological consequences? Front Psychol 7:477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00477

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Q, Tapia Granados JA (2019) Economic growth and mental health in 21st century China. Soc Sci Med 220:387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.031

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng J, Jian W (2019) Changes in income-related inequalities of depression prevalence in China: a longitudinal, population study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 54(9):1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01710-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang T, Jiang J, Tang X (2021) Prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 293:379–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.050

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Winczyk K, Kostka T, Pisarek H, Pisarek H, Guligowska A, Guligowska A, Piechocka-Wochniak E, Piechocka-Wochniak E, Świętosławski J, Świętosławski J, Pawlikowski M (2022) Hormones and depression in the advanced age. Endokrynol Pol 73(6):917–921

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pataky MW, Young WF, Nair KS (2021) Hormonal and metabolic changes of aging and the influence of lifestyle modifications. Mayo Clin Proc 96(3):788–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jorm AF (2000) Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychol Med 30(1):11–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799001452

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blazer DG (2003) Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol Ser A-Biol Sci Med Sci 58(3):M249–M265. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.3.M249

Article  Google Scholar 

Tang X, Qi S, Zhang H, Wang Z (2021) Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its related factors among China’s older adults in 2016. J Affect Disord 292:95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lei X, Sun X, Strauss J, Zhang P, Zhao Y (2014) Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study national baseline. Soc Sci Med 120:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.028

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pan A, Franco OH, Wang YF, Yu ZJ, Ye XW, Lin X (2008) Prevalence and geographic disparity of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly in China. J Affect Disord 105(1–3):167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blazer DG (1994) Is Depression more frequent in late life?: An honest look at the evidence. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2(3):193–199. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-199400230-00003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clarke P, Marshall V, House J, Lantz P (2011) The social structuring of mental health over the adult life course: advancing theory in the sociology of aging. Soc Forces 89(4):1287–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/89.4.1287

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kasen S, Cohen P, Chen H, Castille D (2003) Depression in adult women: age changes and cohort effects. Am J Public Health 93(12):2061–2066. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.12.2061

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang Y (2007) Is old age depressing? Growth trajectories and cohort variations in late-life depression. J Health Soc Behav 48(1):16–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650704800102