Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15:11–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brunt EM, Wong VW, Nobili V, Day CP, Sookoian S, Maher JJ, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15080.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aron-Wisnewsky J, Vigliotti C, Witjes J, Le P, Holleboom AG, Verheij J, et al. Gut microbiota and human NAFLD: disentangling microbial signatures from metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17:279–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism. 2016;65:1038–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arroyave-Ospina JC, Wu ZM, Geng YN, Moshage H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for prevention and therapy. Antioxidants. 2021;10:174.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai YS, Lee WC, Lin YE, Ho CT, Lu KH, Lin SH, et al. Ginger Essential oil ameliorates hepatic injury and lipid accumulation in high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Agric Food Chem. 2016;64:2062–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75:3313–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han KH, Hashimoto N, Fukushima M. Relationships among alcoholic liver disease, antioxidants, and antioxidant enzymes. World J Gastroentero. 2016;22:37–49.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Swanson KV, Deng M, Ting JP. The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:477–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vandanmagsar B, Youm YH, Ravussin A, Galgani JE, Stadler K, Mynatt RL, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2011;17:179–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gentile CL, Weir TL. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science. 2018;362:776–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jennison E, Byrne CD. The role of the gut microbiome and diet in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2021;27:22–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hrncir T, Hrncirova L, Kverka M, Hromadka R, Machova V, Trckova E, et al. Gut microbiota and NAFLD: pathogenetic mechanisms, microbiota signatures, and therapeutic interventions. Microorganisms. 2021;9:957.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Albillos A, de Gottardi A, Rescigno M. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy. J Hepatol. 2020;72:558–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dapito DH, Mencin A, Gwak GY, Pradere JP, Jang MK, Mederacke I, et al. Promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma by the intestinal microbiota and TLR4. Cancer Cell. 2012;21:504–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kolodziejczyk AA, Zheng DP, Shibolet O, Elinav E. The role of the microbiome in NAFLD and NASH. Embo Mol Med. 2019;11:e9302.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wree A, McGeough MD, Pena CA, Schlattjan M, Li HY, Inzaugarat ME, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is required for fibrosis development in NAFLD. J Mol Med. 2014;92:1069–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ikawa-Yoshida A, Matsuo S, Kato A, Ohmori Y, Higashida A, Kaneko E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. Int J Exp Pathol. 2017;98:221–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mu YP, Ogawa T, Kawada N. Reversibility of fibrosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of rats fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet. Lab Invest. 2010;90:245–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clapper JR, Hendricks MD, Gu G, Wittmer C, Dolman CS, Herich J, et al. Diet-induced mouse model of fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis reflecting clinical disease progression and methods of assessment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013;305:G483–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brownell KD, Pomeranz JL. The trans-fat ban-food regulation and long-term health. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1773–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grossman MR. USA: FDA issues order to ban artificial trans fat by 2018 reports. Eur Food Feed L Rev. 2015;10:317.

Google Scholar 

Parziale A, Ooms G. The global fight against trans-fat: the potential role of international trade and law. Global Health. 2019;15:46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boland ML, Oro D, Tolbol KS, Thrane ST, Nielsen JC, Cohen TS, et al. Towards a standard diet-induced and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: impact of dietary fat source. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:4904–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen HH, Ægidius HM, Oro D, Evers SS, Heeboll S, Eriksen PL, et al. Human translatability of the GAN diet-induced obese mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20:210.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheen LY, Panyod S, Wu WK, Hsieh YC, Tseng YJ, Peng SY, et al. Establishment of animal models for NASH and utilization for mining associated gut microbiota. Res Sq. 2022. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1826044/v1.

Pappachan JM, Babu S, Krishnan B, Ravindran NC. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical update. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2017;5:384–93.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ganesan K, Jayachandran M, Xu B. A critical review on hepatoprotective effects of bioactive food components. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58:1165–229.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules. 2020;25:3955.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nerilo SB, Rocha GHO, Tomoike C, Mossini SAG, Grespan R, Mikcha JMG, et al. Antifungal properties and inhibitory effects upon aflatoxin production by Zingiber officinale essential oil in Aspergillus flavus. Int J Food Sci Tech. 2016;51:286–92.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Panyod S, Wu WK, Peng SY, Tseng YJ, Hsieh YC, Chen RA, et al. Ginger essential oil and citral ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice by modulating trimethylamine-N-oxide and gut microbiota. NPJ Sci Food. 2023;7:19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu CT, Raghu R, Lin SH, Wang SY, Kuo CH, Tseng YJ, et al. Metabolomics of ginger essential oil against alcoholic fatty liver in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61:11231–40.

Article