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The UK National Health Service (NHS) is experiencing increasing demand for primary care provision as a result of demographic change, technological progress, and changing service configuration [,]. In a drive by NHS policy makers for greater investment in technology to help address the increase in demand, the use of online services in primary care in England is being promoted []. Primary care services that are provided online include ordering repeat prescriptions, booking appointments, and checking test results, as well as alternatives to face-to-face consultations between practitioners and patients such as video consults or e-consults [,]. There is an assumption among policy makers that online service delivery offers benefits for both patients (eg, wider choice of access, flexibility of use, and convenience) and primary care practices (eg, helping to organize work via triage to a specific person or service), thus suggesting the need for promotion or advocacy in respect of the use of such services []. The NHS Long Term Plan, published in 2019, aimed to ensure that every patient was offered access to digital primary care services and that all general practitioner (GP) practices had a website []. The COVID-19 pandemic created the need for urgent action to increase access to, and the use of, online services to reduce infection risk [,]. More recently, the 2023 model of general practice care aimed to enable practices to optimize patients’ access to primary care services by all routes, including by online access [].
Despite benefits for some patients [,], there are concerns that not all are able or wish to access their general practice (primary medical care) services online [,]. Gaining such access depends on having the technology, the knowhow, and a willingness to use such services [,,]. Some patients may need support to set up their access and then to continue using an online service [].
“Digital facilitation” refers to “the range of processes, procedures and personnel seeking to support patients in their uptake and use of online services” [-]. While there are programs aimed at widening digital participation and providing support for digitally excluded people [,], there is little formal evidence to suggest that patients who need support and help to access and use digital services in health care settings are receiving it; furthermore, where it is available, it is unclear what form such support might be taking.
Surveys of Practice Staff and PatientsThe wider mixed methods study [] aimed to describe the range of digital facilitation activities in general practice in England and included a scoping review []; practice and patient surveys; an analysis of national patient survey data; an ethnographic case study, including observations of general practice staff; patient and stakeholder interviews; and a synthesis of the evidence from the study. The surveys of practice staff and patients, as detailed in this paper, aimed to gain insight into what support (if any) to use online primary care services was being offered by practices and to explore patients’ experiences of this support.
Our practice sampling frame was identified using publicly available information covering 8 NHS commissioning group areas (610 practices) in England. Between December 2020 and May 2021, we approached a random sample of 500 of these practices, initially by the practices’ generic email address or via practice website forms, and included a link in the email to complete the survey online (specific to that practice), with up to 3 reminders to nonresponders at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks. Approximately 8 weeks after initial contact, paper questionnaires with reply envelopes were posted to nonresponding practices for the attention of the practice manager and up to 4 named GPs listed as providing services at the practice. Potential respondents could respond via a survey link to the survey or complete the paper copy and post it back in a reply-paid envelope. Only the first complete response per practice was used in the analysis. We anticipated responses from 300 (60%) of the 500 practices by using this approach [].
All practices from which we received a response in the practice survey were invited to participate in the patient survey. We sought to invite 12,000 patients aged ≥16 years across 60 practices, aiming to secure 4200 (35%) responses []. Practices were given detailed instructions on how to select a random sample of up to 320 eligible patients per practice. Practices were requested to check the list and exclude patients known to be experiencing severe mental illness or recent bereavement, as well as those unable to provide informed consent. The remainder (up to 285 patients per practice) were mailed a paper questionnaire by their practice (along with an invitation letter, information sheet, and a reply-paid envelope). Subsequently, 2 reminders were sent from the practice to all invitees over the next month. The research team did not have access to identifiable information on participating patients, and practices were not aware of details of who had responded. All materials were presented in English (although, for the patient survey, the invitation advised that another person could complete the survey on behalf of the respondent, and a telephone number was provided for help with completion). In line with recognized survey processes [,], practices located in areas with populations experiencing relatively high levels of deprivation (according to their Index of Multiple Deprivation score) were requested to invite larger numbers of patients to participate.
The invitation letter and information sheets for each survey explained the purpose of the study; the expected time to complete it (10 minutes for the practice survey and 10-15 minutes for the patient survey); which data would be stored how, where, and for how long; and the names of the investigators.
Any data received via responses on paper were entered by the study team using the same online survey platform. To ensure accurate data entry, double data entry was performed for 4 surveys per practice by a separate member of the study team and checked for consistency.
Survey InstrumentsOverviewThe questionnaires were each developed by subgroups of the research team (and later by the wider research team), with input and feedback from our patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) advisory group, in addition to convenience samples of patients, GPs, and volunteers who provided feedback on usability and functionality. The questions were developed using an iterative process and drew on the findings of the recent scoping review of digital facilitation [] that formed part of the wider study [].
Practice SurveyThe practice survey () consisted of 11 main items presented across 4 sections (“Promotion, help and support for patients to use online services,” “Changes in access to offline services since national lockdown,” “Your views,” and “Your role”). No scales were developed. The items were formulated to address the range of online services offered to patients at the time of the survey and before the COVID-19 pandemic (ie, before 2020), the activities used to promote online services or to support patients in using them, the staff involved in supporting patients, whether specific groups were targeted with this support, respondents’ views on responsibility for support, the influence of various factors relating to online service provision, and the rationale behind providing online services. For the purposes of the questionnaire, promotion activities were defined as “activities to either inform patients about online services or encourage their use without necessarily providing any help or ‘support’ to assist patients in using them.” Response options were generally tick box in nature with a 5-point Likert scale for items in the “Your views” section. One question provided the opportunity for an open, free-text response on any issues that the respondent saw as relevant (which will be reported elsewhere). Practice staff could respond using the paper questionnaire they were sent (and return it in the reply-paid envelope) or complete online via an individual link.
Patient SurveyThe content of the patient survey included items based on existing questionnaires on computer competence and confidence [-] and the national General Practice Patient Survey of NHS patients in England []. Patient survey questions () reflected the content of the practice survey, with wording tailored for patients. In addition to sections exploring patients’ digital confidence, the survey included sections on patients’ awareness and uptake of online services, as well as their experience of any support provided by the practice to use online services. Two further questions asked respondents about what help the practice could provide to access and use their practice’s online services, the results of which are reported elsewhere []. The questionnaire was piloted with a convenience sample of 6 volunteers (members of the public: n=3, 50%; members of the PPIE group: n=3, 50%).
PPIE Group InputThis project was conducted in collaboration with a study-specific PPIE group, including both patients and caregivers. Eight PPIE group members participated in the development, methods, and interpretation of findings of the practice and patient surveys. The group attended an initial brainstorming session for the patient survey. At further meetings, the PPIE contributors generated discussion on whether or how to include points in the surveys. As a result of the input of the PPIE contributors, the research team added and amended some response options (eg, use of emails to and from practices as a further response choice); reworded some digital facilitation options (eg, included television displays in GP surgeries); incorporated further suggested inclusions (eg those with carer responsibilities as a potential group that practices might target with digital facilitation); explored further which patient groups may have needed targeted support when using online services; and identified words that might cause a barrier to respondents understanding the questionnaire (eg, “activities,” “facilitation,” and “engage with”), which were removed. The contributors also provided feedback on aspects of completing the survey and its length and requested further explanation of acronyms and abbreviations used in the patient invitation letter. The contributors attended meetings where the survey results were presented and discussed and contributed to the interpretation of initial findings from a patient perspective.
Ethical ConsiderationsEthics approval was granted for the patient survey by the North East Newcastle and North Tyneside 2 Research Ethics Committee on April 27, 2021, and by the Health Research Authority on July 1, 2021 (Integrated Research Authority System 289425). Ethics approval was not required for the practice survey element (as advised by the Health Research Authority) because the survey did not intend to change practice or patient care. Patients were deemed to have consented to participate in the patient survey if they returned a questionnaire either by post or online (implied consent). The research team did not ask for any personal data from survey participants, although participants could provide their contact details (which were kept separate from other survey data) if they wished to take part in the prize draw. Information on processing of personal data on the participant information sheet provided an explanation of our approach to handling personal data. Analysis of General Practice Patient Survey data was deemed service evaluation not requiring ethics approval.
Practices responding to the practice survey were entered into a prize draw for 1 of 10 £250 (US $316) vouchers. A voluntary prize draw for 1 of 10 £25 (US $32) vouchers was offered as an incentive for patients participating in the patients survey. Potential patient survey respondents were informed that consent would be assumed upon return of a questionnaire either by post or online.
Statistical AnalysisExamining Variability in Digital Facilitation OutcomesSimple descriptives were used for the practice and patient surveys (after excluding missing responses to individual questions). The patient survey data were further analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression models, with a random effect for practice, to examine variability in 4 outcomes in relation to patient characteristics on a complete case basis. The four binary outcomes were developed from patient survey responses, considering (1) awareness of, and (2) use of, practice efforts aimed at providing digital facilitation (ie, by endorsing 1 of the following options in the relevant questions [Q10 and Q11]: displays in the practice, leaflets, email or text messages, practice website, social media, workshops or events, and making IT equipment available to access online services); (3) being told by someone from the practice about online services; and (4) being helped by someone from the practice to use online services. For each of the binary outcomes, univariable associations were calculated along with a multivariable model adjusting for respondent self-reported age, gender, deafness or hearing impairment, parental status, ethnicity, physical or mental long-term health condition, working status, first language, and whether they had repeat prescriptions (adjusted model 1). A second model (adjusted model 2) augmented adjusted model 1 with a composite measure of digital confidence constructed from patient responses to Q2 to Q6 (). A further regression was run in this model using a binary version of the digital confidence scale (confident vs quite confident or not confident) as the outcome and using the same covariates as in adjusted model 1. Sensitivity analyses were performed, excluding respondents who specified having received help to complete the survey.
Comparison of Practice and Patient Survey Response Data: Combined AnalysesFinally, we combined data from the practice and patient surveys (restricted to practices that participated in both parts of the study) to examine whether practice responses were associated with patient awareness and use of digital facilitation. Three sets of comparisons were made using chi-square tests:
The percentage of respondents reporting being aware of, and the percentage of respondents reporting using, particular modes of facilitation were compared between those registered at practices that reported offering that mode of facilitation and those registered at practices that did not make such a provision (eg, we compared the percentage of respondents who were aware of their practice providing leaflets about online services between practices that said they used leaflets to promote and support the use of online services and those that did not).The percentage of respondents reporting being aware of, and the percentage of respondents reporting using, any mode of facilitation were compared: (1) between respondents registered at practices that reported undertaking ad hoc promotion or support of online services and those that did not and (2) between respondents registered at practices that reported using a practice champion and those that did not (eg, we compared the percentage of respondents who were aware of any mode of facilitation between practices that said they used a practice champion and those that did not).We investigated respondent groups who described themselves as either an older adult (aged ≥65 years), having a physical health condition, having a mental health condition, having limited or no internet access, being a non-English speaker or speaking English as a second language, being a member of an ethnic minority, or as being a carer. We compared the percentage, separately, in each of these groups, who reported awareness or use of any modes of facilitation between those registered at practices that reported offering digital facilitation support targeted at that group and those that did not (eg, we compared the percentage of respondents aged ≥65 years who were aware of, or used, any mode of facilitation between practices that said they targeted older patients and those that did not).Study RegistrationThe study was registered with the Research Registry (researchregistry6523).
Of the 499 practices invited (of the intended 500 practices, n=2, 0.4% were found to have merged), 156 (31.3%) sent back at least 1 questionnaire. Participating practices were more likely than other practices in England to serve less deprived populations (21/155, 13.6% in the least deprived quintile vs 1359/6745, 20.15%), to be in rural areas (46/156, 29.5% vs 1004/6842, 14.67%), and to have >12,000 registered patients (54/155, 34.8% vs 1477/6461, 22.86% [-]; ). The age profile and ethnicity of the registered populations showed smaller differences compared to other practices. Full summaries of survey responses are presented in , but here we focus on those questions pertaining to digital facilitation.
There was a clear division in the practice survey between the endorsement of modes of digital facilitation that could be described as passive, where information is provided with no scope for 2-way interaction (displays, leaflets, text messages, emails, social media, and material on practice websites), and those that could be described as active and would involve 2-way interaction between patients and staff members (ad hoc support, using a practice champion, holding workshops or events, and offering tablets or computers; ). A majority of practices reported using passive modes of facilitation for either promotion of online services or supporting patients to use them; for example, leaflets were used in 70.9% (100/141) of the practices (). By contrast, with the exception of ad hoc support (which was reported in 130/143, 90.9% of the practices), active modes of facilitation were reported by only a minority of practices (eg, workshops or events were used by 18/145, 12.4% of the practices). Most of the practices reported using digital facilitation across a wide range of online services, with 96.5% (139/144) reporting using it to promote or support online repeat prescription ordering ().
Figure 1. Digital facilitation activities used to promote online services and support patients to use them by percentage of practices responding to the practice survey. Of the 156 participating practices, the vast majority reported that promotion and supporting activities involved administrative (n=134, 85.9%) and reception (n=134, 85.9%) staff, with doctors (n=96, 61.5%), nurses (n=83, 53.2%), and other health care professionals (n=65, 41.7%) also frequently reported as being involved. The involvement of IT staff (44/156, 28.2%), volunteers (31/156, 19.9%), external contractors (6/156, 3.9%), and practice staff with specific responsibilities around digital facilitation (16/156, 10.3%) was reported less often (). Of the 156 practices, 18 (11.5%) reported that they targeted their facilitation activities at every patient group listed in the questionnaire (), with most of the practices (85/156, 54.5%) targeting >1 group. The only specific group reported to be targeted by most of the practices (87/156, 55.8%) were older adults aged ≥65 years ().
Most of the practices (129/144, 89.6%) responding to a list of statements () agreed that the COVID-19 pandemic had been a key driver in the uptake of online services by patients, and many (109/144, 75.7%) reported that the pandemic had led to an increase in the support they provided to patients to use online services. Responsibility to alert patients about online services was seen to lie with the practice (123/144, 85.4%) or the wider NHS (122/144, 84.7%), with many also seeing responsibility of providing support to use online services lying with the practice (105/144, 72.9%) and the NHS (118/143, 82.5%). Current support provided to patients by practices was agreed to be in response to patient demand (119/142, 83.8%), rather than the Clinical Commissioning Group (47/142, 33.1%), practice staff (61/142, 43%), or monetary incentives (20/135, 14.8%).
Nevertheless, most of the respondents agreed that supporting patients to use online services benefited the practice (126/144, 87.5%) and patients (132/144, 91.7%); however, 60.3% (85/141) of the practices agreed that the practice lacked the capacity to provide adequate support for patients. Indeed, 78.4% (109/139) agreed that their practice had increased the uptake of online services by supporting patients to use them, and 72.7% (104/143) hoped to further increase uptake through support. It was acknowledged by nearly all respondents (135/143, 94.4%) that some patients were unlikely to use online services regardless of the support provided and that some patient groups required more support than others (131/143, 91.6%). Two-thirds of practice respondents (95/142, 66.9%) agreed that increasing patient uptake of online primary care services led to operational efficiencies for the practice. There was strong agreement that online access to primary care services was complementary to traditional forms of access (121/143, 84.6%), whereas 36.6% (52/142) agreed that online primary care services would ultimately replace traditional forms of access.
Patient SurveyIn all, 62 practices sent invitations to 12,822 patients between August 2021 and May 2022, of whom 3051 (23.8%) responded (). Analysis of double data entry of paper responses identified a difference in 0.4% of data points entered, which was considered acceptable. Despite lower patient response rates from practices serving populations considered deprived, due to our adopted approach to sampling, responses were largely representative in terms of deprivation with, for example, 21.4% (653/3051) of the responders registered at practices falling in the lowest quintile of deprivation nationally and a broadly even spread of responders (ranging from 438/3051, 14.36% to 698/3051, 22.88%) across all quintiles ().
Of those responding to the patient survey, 56.59% (1710/3022) were female, 45.39% (1373/3025) were aged ≥65 years, most (2741/2958, 92.66%) were White, 8.8% (261/2966) reported that English was not their first language, 43.7% (1269/2904) were working either full time or part time, and 42.84% (1244/2904) were retired (). Of the respondents, 9% (280/3051) said they did not have access to the internet at home, with 98.6% (276/280) of this group completing the paper version of the survey. In terms of overall digital confidence () with respect to a range of digital tasks (eg, using search engines, completing online forms, sending personal messages, and installing apps), a little more than half (1589/2961, 53.66%) were categorized as being very confident, whereas 22.56% (668/2961) were categorized as not confident ().
Table 1. Self-reported demographics of responders to the main patient survey (n=3051).Demographic variablesRespondents, n (%)Gender (n=3022)aUK government scheme offering payment to employers to retain and pay staff while businesses were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
presents a summary of responses to questions concerning awareness, use, and provision of support for the use of general practices’ online services. More than a third of those responding (1106/2998, 36.89%) had not attempted to use their practice’s website, although of those who had tried, 77.27% (1462/1892) reported finding it very easy or fairly easy to use. For all services considered, ≤37% (≤1126/3051) of the respondents were aware of the various online services provided by their practice, with the exception of appointment booking and ordering repeat prescriptions online (1675/3051, 54.9% and 1944/3051, 63.72%, respectively). In terms of the use of online services, ≤16% (≤501/3051) of the respondents had used a range of online services, with the exception of ordering repeat prescriptions online, where a third (1003/3051, 32.87%) had used the service. Apart from the use of SMS text messages or emails (where 1205/3051, 39.5% respondents reported awareness of facilitation efforts), ≤17% (≤522/3051) of the respondents were alert to any forms of digital facilitation opportunities at their practice. The reported use of these facilitation efforts was even lower than patients’ awareness, with <10% (≤291/3051) of the patients making use of any mode, apart from email or text messages (860/3051, 28.19%).
Table 2. Summary of responses to the core items of the patient survey (n=3051).QuestionsRespondents, n (%)Ease of practice website use (n=2998)aGP: general practitioner.
Only 883 (29.79%) of 2964 patients agreed that they had been told about online services by someone at their practice, and only 392 (13.36%) of 2935 patients reported that they had been supported to use such services. Those who did receive help largely rated this support as beneficial: 89.6% (189/211) selected quite helpful or very helpful for online ordering of repeat prescriptions, and 65% (53/81) reported the help to be quite helpful or very helpful for video consultations. A variety of reasons were reported for not using online services, but, most commonly, respondents preferred to speak in person (1432/3051, 46.94%), with 14.42% (440/3051) reporting that they did not know how to register and 5.74% (175/3051) reporting that they found registration too difficult.
shows the results of the adjusted model 1 logistic regression analyses, with the results of the unadjusted model analyses shown in , for 4 facilitation outcomes, that is, awareness (Q8) and use (Q9) of facilitation efforts, being told about online services (Q12), and being helped to use online services (Q13; ). Older patients were less likely than younger patients to report awareness and use of facilitation efforts, as well as to report having been told about or helped in the use of such services (all P values <.05). This was particularly noticeable in respect of being helped to use online services (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for patients aged ≥85 years vs those aged 55-64 years: 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.36; P=.006). Respondents in receipt of repeat prescriptions were more likely than those not receiving this provision to have experienced all 4 facilitation outcomes. Patients describing themselves as being of minority ethnicity were more likely than those describing themselves as being of White ethnicity to be aware of digital facilitation (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.00-2.20; P=.05), to have made use of digital facilitation (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.03-2.15; P=.04), and to have been helped to use online services (adjusted OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.14-2.86; P=.01). However, no difference was seen between respondents of White and minority ethnicity for being told about online services (adjusted OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.61-1.36; P=.65). There was weak evidence that patients for whom English was not their first language were more likely to be told about online services (adjusted OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.12-2.32; P=.01) or to use digital facilitation (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.28-2.52; P=.001). The respondent’s gender, being deaf or having a hearing impairment, and parental and employment status were not associated with any of the 4 outcomes (P>.10 for all).
Table 3. Adjusted logistic regression (model 1) considering participants’ awareness of digital facilitation, use of digital facilitation, being told about online services, and being helped to use online services (all models; n=2587).CharacteristicsAwareness of any digital facilitation effortsaUse of any digital facilitation effortsbBeing told about online servicesBeing helped to use online services
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