Neligan A, Noyce AJ, Gosavi TD, Shorvon SD, Köhler S, Walker MC. Change in mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in high-income countries over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76:897–905.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Betjemann JP, Lowenstein DH. Status epilepticus in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:615–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Milligan TA, Michaelides C, Ruffieux C, Bromfield EB. Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS): a tool to orient early treatment strategy. J Neurol. 2008;255:1561–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foreman B, Hirsch LJ. Epilepsy emergencies: diagnosis and management. Neurol Clin. 2012;30(11–41):vii.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hillman J, Lehtimäki K, Peltola J, Liimatainen S. Clinical significance of treatment delay in status epilepticus. Int J Emerg Med. 2013;6:6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kämppi L, Ritvanen J, Mustonen H, Soinila S. Delays and factors related to cessation of generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2015;2015: 591279.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siefkes HM, Holsti M, Morita D, Cook LJ, Bratton S. Seizure treatment in children transported to tertiary care: recommendation adherence and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2016;138(6):e20161527. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1527.

Cheng JY. Latency to treatment of status epilepticus is associated with mortality and functional status. J Neurol Sci. 2016;370:290–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus–Report of the ILAE task force on classification of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1515–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semmlack S, Yeginsoy D, Spiegel R, et al. Emergency response to out-of-hospital status epilepticus: A 10-year observational cohort study. Neurology. 2017;89:376–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sánchez Fernández I, Gaínza-Lein M, Abend NS, et al. Factors associated with treatment delays in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus. Neurology. 2018;90:e1692–701.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kämppi L, Mustonen H, Soinila S. Analysis of the delay components in the treatment of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2013;19:10–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sathe AG, Underwood E, Coles LD, et al. Patterns of benzodiazepine underdosing in the established status epilepticus treatment trial. Epilepsia. 2021;62:795–806.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hill CE, Parikh AO, Ellis C, Myers JS, Litt B. Timing is everything: Where status epilepticus treatment fails. Ann Neurol. 2017;82:155–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Agadi S, et al. Time from convulsive status epilepticus onset to anticonvulsant administration in children. Neurology. 2015;84:2304–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaínza-Lein M, Benjamin R, Stredny C, McGurl M, Kapur K, Loddenkemper T. Rescue medications in epilepsy patients: a family perspective. Seizure. 2017;52:188–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donner E, Devinsky O, Friedman D. Wearable digital health technology for epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:736–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang J, El Atrache R, Yu S, et al. Seizure detection using wearable sensors and machine learning: Setting a benchmark. Epilepsia. 2021;62:1807–19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu S, El Atrache R, Tang J, et al. Artificial intelligence-enhanced epileptic seizure detection by wearables. Epilepsia. 2023;64:3213–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meisel C, El Atrache R, Jackson M, Schubach S, Ufongene C, Loddenkemper T. Machine learning from wristband sensor data for wearable, noninvasive seizure forecasting. Epilepsia. 2020;61:2653–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naganur V, Sivathamboo S, Chen Z, et al. Automated seizure detection with noninvasive wearable devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2022;63:1930–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beniczky S, Wiebe S, Jeppesen J, et al. Automated seizure detection using wearable devices: A clinical practice guideline of the International League against Epilepsy and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132:1173–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peariso K, Arya R, Glauser T, et al. Early clinical variables associated with refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children. Neurology. 2023;101:e546–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guterman EL, Burke JF, Sporer KA. Prehospital treatment of status epilepticus in the United States. JAMA. 2021;326:1970–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guterman EL, Sanford JK, Betjemann JP, et al. Prehospital midazolam use and outcomes among patients with out-of-hospital status epilepticus. Neurology. 2020;95:e3203–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guterman EL, Sporer KA, Newman TB, et al. Real-world midazolam use and outcomes with out-of-hospital treatment of status epilepticus in the United States. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;80:319–28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Betjemann JP, Josephson SA, Lowenstein DH, Guterman EL. Emergency medical services protocols for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. JAMA. 2019;321:1216–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han EJ, Chuck CC, Martin TJ, Madsen TE, Claassen J, Reznik ME. Statewide emergency medical services protocols for status epilepticus management. Ann Neurol. 2021;89:604–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amengual-Gual M, Sánchez Fernández I, Vasquez A, Barcia Aguilar C, Clark J, Loddenkemper T. Challenges for emergency medical services in status epilepticus management. Pediatr Neurol. 2023;138:5–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Requena M, Fonseca E, Olivé M, et al. The ADAN scale: a proposed scale for pre-hospital use to identify status epilepticus. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26:760-e755.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ostendorf AP, Merison K, Wheeler TA, Patel AD. Decreasing seizure treatment time through quality improvement reduces critical care utilization. Pediatr Neurol. 2018;85:58–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vidaurre J, Albert DVF, Parker W, et al. Improving time for administration of second-line antiseizure medications for children with generalized convulsive status epilepticus using quality improvement methodology. Epilepsia. 2021;62:2496–504.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams RP, Banwell B, Berg RA, et al. Impact of an ICU EEG monitoring pathway on timeliness of therapeutic intervention and electrographic seizure termination. Epilepsia. 2016;57:786–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta N, Baang HY, Barrett W, et al. Reducing seizure to needle times in nonconvulsive status epilepticus with multifaceted quality improvement initiatives. Epilepsy Res. 2023;190: 107085.