Allen, K. D., Thoma, L. M. & Golightly, Y. M. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 30, 184–195 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Loeser, R. F., Goldring, S. R., Scanzelllo, C. R. & Goldring, M. B. Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 1697–1707 (2012).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katz, J. N., Arant, K. R. & Loeser, R. F. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 325, 568–578 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hunter, D. J. & Bierma-Zeinstra, S. Osteoarthritis. Lancet 393, 1745–1759 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Safiri, S. et al. Global, regional and national burden of osteoarthritis 1990-2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 79, 819–828 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hunter, D. J. Pharmacologic therapy for osteoarthritis-the era of disease modification. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7, 13–22 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolasinski, S. L. et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Rheumatol. 72, 220–233 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oo, W. M. & Hunter, D. J. Repurposed and investigational disease-modifying drugs in osteoarthritis (DMOADs). Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis. 14, 1759720X221090297 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lotz, M. & Loeser, R. F. Effects of aging on articular cartilage homeostasis. Bone 51, 241–248 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldring, M. B. & Marcu, K. B. Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res. Ther. 11, 224 (2009).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lories, R. J. U. Joint homeostasis, restoration, and remodeling in osteoarthritis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 22, 209–220 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lotz, M. K. & Caramés, B. Autophagy and cartilage homeostasis mechanisms in joint health, aging and OA. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7, 579–587 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldring, M. B. The role of the chondrocyte in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 1916–1926 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito, T. et al. Transcriptional regulation of endochondral ossification by HIF-2α during skeletal growth and osteoarthritis development. Nat. Med. 16, 678–686 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dreier, R. Hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: the developmental aspect of degenerative joint disorders. Arthritis Res. Ther. 12, 216 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosaka, Y. et al. Notch signaling in chondrocytes modulates endochondral ossification and osteoarthritis development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1875–1880 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldring, S. R. Role of bone in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Med. Clin. North Am. 93, 25–35 (2009).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burr, D. B. & Gallant, M. A. Bone remodelling in osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 8, 665–673 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldring, S. R. & Goldring, M. B. Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage bone crosstalk. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 12, 632–644 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ricard-Blum, S. & Salza, R. Matricryptins and matrikines: biologically active fragments of the extracellular matrix. Exp. Dermatol. 23, 457–463 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanchez-Lopez, E., Coras, R., Torres, A., Lane, N. E. & Guma, M. Synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis progression. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 18, 258–275 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scanzello, C. R. & Goldring, S. R. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Bone 51, 249–257 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guilak, F., Nims, R. J., Dicks, A., Wu, C. L. & Meulenbelt, I. Osteoarthritis as a disease of the cartilage pericellular matrix. Matrix Biol. 71–72, 40–50 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eyre, D. Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis: collagen of articular cartilage. Arthritis Res. Ther. 4, 30–35 (2002).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Knudson, W., Ishizuka, S., Terabe, K., Askew, E. B. & Knudson, C. B. The pericellular hyaluronan of articular chondrocytes. Matrix Biol. 78–79, 32–46 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roughley, P. J. & Mort, J. S. The role of aggrecan in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. J. Exp. Orthop. 1, 8 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kiani, C., Chen, L., Wu, Y. J., Yee, A. J. & Yang, B. B. Structure and function of aggrecan. Cell Res. 12, 19–32 (2002).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hodgkinson, T., Kelly, D. C., Curtin, C. M. & O’Brien, F. J. Mechanosignalling in cartilage: an emerging target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 18, 67–84 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexopoulos, L. G., Haider, M. A., Vail, T. P. & Guilak, F. Alterations in the mechanical properties of the human chondrocyte pericellular matrix with osteoarthritis. J. Biomech. Eng. 125, 323–333 (2003).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng, Z. et al. The regulation of cartilage extracellular matrix homeostasis in joint cartilage degeneration and regeneration. Biomaterials 268, 120555 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loeser, R. F. Integrins and chondrocyte–matrix interactions in articular cartilage. Matrix Biol. 39, 11–16 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonnans, C., Chou, J. & Werb, Z. Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 786–801 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larsen, M., Artym, V. V., Green, J. A. & Yamada, K. M. The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 18, 463–471 (2006).