de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J et al (2017) Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer 141(4):664–670

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kurman RJ, Carcangiu ML, Herrington CS (2014) World health organisation classification of tumours of the female reproductive organs. 4th Revised ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer

Pinborg A, Ortoft G, Loft A et al (2015) Cervical conization doubles the risk of preterm and very preterm birth in assisted reproductive technology twin pregnancies. Hum Reprod 30(1):197–204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Athanasiou A, Veroniki AA, Efthimiou O et al (2022) Comparative effectiveness and risk of preterm birth of local treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Lancet Oncol 23:1097–1108

Casas A (2020) Clinical uses of 5-aminolaevulinic acid in photodynamic treatment and photodetection of cancer: a review. Cancer Lett 490:165–173

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris F, Pierpoint L (2012) Photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Med Res Rev 32(6):1292–1327

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma Y, Chen Q, Liu Y et al (2016) Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on TLRs in acne lesions and keratinocytes co-cultured with P. acnes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 15:172–181

Tuo J, Wang Q, Zouboulis CC et al (2017) ALA-PDT suppressing the cell growth and reducing the lipogenesis in human SZ95 sebocytes by mTOR signaling pathway in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 18:295–301

Tao S, Wang Z, Quan C et al (2021) The effects of ALA-PDT on microbiota in pilosebaceous units of patients with severe acne: a metagenomic study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 33:102050

Sharma A, Birnie AJ, Bordea C et al (2022) British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease). Br J Dermatol 188(2):186–194

Wang XL, Wang HW, Huang Z et al (2007) Study of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) pharmacokinetics after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid in urethral condylomata acuminata. Photochem Photobiol 83(5):1069–1073

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sindhuja T, Bhari N, Gupta S (2022) Asian guidelines for condyloma acuminatum. J Infect Chemother 28(7):845–852

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma L, Gao X, Geng L et al (2021) Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy mediated by 5-aminolevulinic acid for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2: a single-center, prospective, cohort study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 36:102472

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Su Y, Zhang Y, Tong Y et al (2022) Effect and rational application of topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 37:102634

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu A, Li Q, Ling J et al (2021) Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in women of reproductive age with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL/CIN2). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 36:102517

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodner K, Bodner-Adler B, Wierrani F et al (2003) Cold-knife conization versus photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II with associated human papillomavirus infection: a comparison of preliminary results. Anticancer Res 23:1785–1788

Mizuno M, Mitsui H, Kajiyama H et al (2020) Efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid and LED photodynamic therapy in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 32:102004

Kyrgiou M, Athanasiou A, Paraskevaidi M et al (2016) Adverse obstetric outcomes after local treatment for cervical preinvasive and early invasive disease according to cone depth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 354:i3633

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ran R,Wang M, Li X et al (2021) A prospective study of photodynamic therapy for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion. J Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 34:102185

Maździarz A (2019) Successful pregnancy and delivery following selective use of photodynamic therapy in treatment of cervix and vulvar diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 28:65–68

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie J, Wang S, Li Z et al (2019) 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy reduces HPV viral load via autophagy and apoptosis by modulating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in HeLa cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 194:46–55

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ji J, Wang P, Zhou Q et al (2019) CCL8 enhances sensitivity of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to photodynamic therapy by recruiting M1 macrophages. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 26:235–243

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gu L, Cheng M et al. The effect of local photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid for the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with high-risk HPV infection: a retrospective study. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102172

Niu J, Cheng M, Hong Z et al (2021) The effect of 5-Aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy versus CO2 laser in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with high-Risk HPV infection: a non-randomized, controlled pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 36:102548

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li M, Liu T, Luo G et al (2021) Incidence, persistence and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus among women in Guangdong, China 2007–2018: a retrospective cohort study. J Infect Public Health 14(1):42–49

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Norenhag J, Du J, Olovsson M et al (2020) The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus and cervical dysplasia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJOG 127(2):171–180

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brusselaers N, Shrestha S, van de Wijgert J et al (2019) Vaginal dysbiosis and the risk of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 221(1):9-18.e8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shannon B, Yi TJ, Perusini S et al (2017) Association of HPV infection and clearance with cervicovaginal immunology and the vaginal microbiota. Mucosal Immunol 10(5):1310–1319

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ntuli L, Mtshali A, Mzobe G et al (2022) Role of immunity and vaginal microbiome in clearance and persistence of human papillomavirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:927131

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cang W, Gu L, Hong Z et al (2021) Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid on HPV clearance in women without cervical lesions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 34:102293

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar