1   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences/Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States

,

Ilana Harwayne-Gidansky

2   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States

,

Ronald C. Sanders Jr.

1   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences/Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States

,

Natalie Napolitano

3   Department of Respiratory Care, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

,

Jennifer Pham

4   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Sunrise Children's Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

,

Lee Polikoff

5   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States

,

Melinda Register

6   Department of Respiratory Care, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Egleston, Atlanta, Georgia, United States

,

Keiko M. Tarquinio

6   Department of Respiratory Care, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Egleston, Atlanta, Georgia, United States

7   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States

,

Justine Shults

8   Division of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

,

Conrad Krawiec

9   Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States

,

Palen Mallory

10   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States

,

Ryan K. Breuer

11   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States

,

Asha N. Shenoi

12   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States

,

Krista Wollny

13   Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

,

Simon J. Parsons

14   Division of Critical Care, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta, Calgary, Canada

,

Sarah B. Kandil

15   Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

,

Matthew Pinto

16   Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, United States

,

Kelsey M. Gladen

17   Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

,

Maya Dewan

18   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

,

Ana Lia Graciano

19   Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

,

Sholeen Nett

20   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States

21   Baystate Children's Hospital, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States

,

John S. Giuliano

15   Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

,

Ashwin S. Krishna

12   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States

,

Laurence Ducharme-Crevier

22   Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

,

Andrea Talukdar

23   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

,

Jan Hau Lee

24   Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

,

Michael Miksa

25   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States

,

Anthony Lee

26   Division of Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States

,

Aziez Ahmed

15   Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

,

Christopher Page-Goertz

27   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, United States

,

Philipp Jung

28   Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

,

Briana L. Scott

10   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States

,

Serena P. Kelly

29   Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University/Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon, United States

,

Awni Al-Subu

30   Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States

,

Debbie Spear

9   Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States

,

Lauren Allen

10   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States

,

Johnna Sizemore

31   Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Louisville/Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky, United States

,

Mioko Kasagi

32   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

,

Yuki Nagai

33   Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

,

Megan Toal

34   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, United States

,

Katherine Biagas

35   Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States

,

Vinay Nadkarni

36   Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

,

Akira Nishisaki

36   Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

,

for the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEAR4KIDS) Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network› Author Affiliations

This study was supported by AHRQ R18HS024511. N.N., J.S., V.N., and A.N. were supported by AHRQ R18HS024511. Other authors disclosed no other funding sources.