Here we review the epidemiology of sepsis, focusing on its definition, incidence, and mortality, as well as the demographic insights and risk factors that influence its occurrence and outcomes. We address how age, sex, and racial/ethnic disparities impact upon incidence and mortality rates. Sepsis is more frequent and severe among the elderly, males, and certain racial and ethnic groups. Poor socioeconomic status, geographic location, and pre-existing comorbidities also elevate the risk of developing and dying from sepsis. Seasonal variations, with an increased incidence during winter months, is also apparent. We delve into the predictive value of disease severity scores such as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. We also highlight issues relating to coding and administrative data that can generate erroneous and misleading information, and the need for greater consistency. The Sepsis-3 definitions, offering more precise clinical criteria, are a step in the right direction. This overview will, we hope, facilitate understanding of the multi-faceted epidemiological characteristics of sepsis and current challenges.

Article published online:
05 July 2024

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