Background The research paper titled "Mapping the Shadows: A Comprehensive Exploration of Breast Ironing’s Effects on Women and Girls through a Systematic/Scoping Review" examines the cultural practice of breast ironing (BI) and its significant impact on the physical, psychological, and social well-being of women and girls. It explores the biopsychosocial implications of breast ironing on women, assesses knowledge and attitudes towards the practice, and analyses its prevalence and consequences.

Methods This study employs a systematic/scoping review design following the PRISMA guidelines to collect and analyse qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection involved a comprehensive search of online databases, including EBSCO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and others. Four investigators conducted independent searches using specific keywords related to breast ironing. The inclusion criteria focused on studies examining the biopsychosocial impact of breast ironing within the past 10 years. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, chi-square tests, and logistic regression models.

Results The practice of breast ironing results in severe physical and psychological trauma, including pain, tissue damage, infections, abscesses, and breast cancer. Psychologically, victims experience anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and PTSD. The study found significant barriers to healthcare access due to stigma and lack of awareness. The prevalence of breast ironing is highest in the Littoral region (53%), with varying rates across other regions. Chi-square tests revealed significant relationships between BI and health outcomes, such as severe pain and family health issues (p-value < 0.001). Logistic regression indicated a strong association between BI exposure and negative health outcomes.

Conclusion Breast ironing is a harmful cultural practice with substantial negative impacts on the health and well-being of women and girls. Comprehensive interventions, including legal measures, community education, and support services, are crucial to eradicate this practice and protect the rights and health of affected individuals.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

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This is a systematic and scoping review, so ethical approval are not required although ethics were gained by the primary researchers that we reviewed their articles.

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