Mensah GA, Fuster V, Murray CJL, Roth GA. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks collaborators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(25):2350–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dixit J, Prinja S, Jyani G, Bahuguna P, Gupta A, Vijayvergiya R, Kumar R. Evaluating efficiency and equity of prevention and control strategies for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in India: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(3):e445–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00552-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar RK, Tandon R. Rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease: the last 50 years. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(4):643.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bright PD, Mayosi BM, Martin WJ. An immunological perspective on rheumatic heart disease pathogenesis: more questions than answers. Heart. 2016;102(19):1527–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guilherme L, Köhler KF, Postol E, Kalil J. Genes, autoimmunity and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;4(1):13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fujinami RS, von Herrath MG, Christen U, Whitton JL. Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: infections and autoimmune disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19(1):80–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Root-Bernstein R. Rethinking molecular mimicry in rheumatic heart disease and autoimmune myocarditis: laminin, collagen IV, CAR, and B1AR as initial targets of disease. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaplan MH, Suchy ML. Immunologic relation of streptococcal and tissue antigens: II. Cross-reaction of antisera to mammalian heart tissue with a cell wall constituent of certain strains of group A. streptococci. J Exp Med. 1964;119(4):643–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bachmaier K, Neu N, de La Maza LM, Pal S, Hessel A, et al. Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science. 1999;283(5406):1335–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Root-Bernstein R, Vonck J, Podufaly A. Antigenic complementarity between coxsackie virus and streptococcus in the induction of rheumatic heart disease and autoimmune myocarditis. Autoimmunity. 2009;42(1):1–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bober M, Mörgelin M, Olin AI, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Collin M. The membrane bound LRR lipoprotein Slr, and the cell wall-anchored M1 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes both interact with type I collagen. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(5): e20345.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reid SD, Montgomery AG, Voyich JM, DeLeo FR, Lei B, Ireland RM, et al. Characterization of an extracellular virulence FactorMade by Group A streptococcus with homology to the listeria monocytogenes internalin family of proteins. Infect Immun. 2003;71(12):7043–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Waldemarsson J, Areschoug T, Lindahl G, Johnsson E. The streptococcal Blr and Slr proteins define a family of surface proteins with leucine-rich repeats: camouflaging by other surface structures. J Bacteriol. 2006;188(2):378–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis. 1992;166(2):374–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinkla K, Rohde M, Jansen WT, Carapetis JR, Chhatwal GS, Talay SR. Streptococcus pyogenes recruits collagen via surface-bound fibronectin: a novel colonization and immune evasion mechanism. Mol Microbiol. 2003;47(3):861–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navarre WW, Schneewind O. Surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1999;63(1):174–229.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martin DR, Single LA. Molecular epidemiology of group A streptococcus M type 1 infections. J Infect Dis. 1993;167(5):1112–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomi H, Hozumi T, Hattori S, Tagawa C, Kishimoto F, Björck L. The gene sequence and some properties of protein H. A novel IgG-binding protein. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md: 1950). 1990;144(10):4046–52.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Åkesson P, Schmidt KH, Cooney J, Björck L. M1 protein and protein H: IgGFc-and albumin-binding streptococcal surface proteins encoded by adjacent genes. Biochemical journal. 1994;300(3):877–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frick IM, Mörgelin M, Björck L. Virulent aggregates of Streptococcus pyogenes are generated by homophilic protein–protein interactions. Mol Microbiol. 2000;37(5):1232–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berge A, Kihlberg BM, Sjöholm AG, Björck L. Streptococcal protein H forms soluble complement-activating complexes with IgG, but inhibits complement activation by IgG-coated targets. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(33):20774–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kotarsky H, Hellwage J, Johnsson E, Skerka C, Svensson HG, Lindahl G, et al. Identification of a domain in human factor H and factor H-like protein-1 required for the interaction with streptococcal M proteins. J Immunol. 1998;160(7):3349–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altieri MA. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. In: Invertebrate biodiversity as bioindicators of sustainable landscapes 1999 Jan 1 (pp 19–31). Elsevier, Amsterdam

Ross GD, Reed W, Dalzell JG, Becker SE, Hogg N. Macrophage cytoskeleton association with CR3 and CR4 regulates receptor mobility and phagocytosis of iC3b-opsonized erythrocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 1992;51(2):109–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ringdahl U, Svensson HG, Kotarsky H, Gustafsson M, Weineisen M, Sjöbring U. A role for the fibrinogen-binding regions of streptococcal M proteins in phagocytosis resistance. Mol Microbiol. 2000;37(6):1318–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunningham MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(3):470–511.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Keene DR, Bujnicki JM, Höök M, Lukomski S. Streptococcal Scl1 and Scl2 proteins form collagen-like triple helices. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(30):27312–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rocha CL, Fischetti VA. Identification and characterization of a novel fibronectin-binding protein on the surface of group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1999;67(6):2720–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeMaster E, Schnitzler N, Cheng Q, Cleary P. M+ group A streptococci are phagocytized and killed in whole blood by C5a-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun. 2002;70(1):350–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Norrby-Teglund AB, Kotb M. Host–microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49(10):849–52.