Wharton S, Lau DCW, Vallis M, Sharma AM, Biertho L, Campbell-Scherer D, Adamo K, Alberga A, Bell R, Boulé N, et al. Obesity in adults: A clinical practice guideline. Cmaj. 2020;192:E875-e891. A comprehensive guidelines on obesity treatment.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hebebrand J, Holm JC, Woodward E, Baker JL, Blaak E, Durrer Schutz D, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Frühbeck G, Halford JGC, Lissner L, et al. A Proposal of the European Association for the Study of Obesity to Improve the ICD-11 Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity Based on the Three Dimensions Etiology, Degree of Adiposity and Health Risk. Obes Facts. 2017;10:284–307.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev. 2017;18:715–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022;21:201–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanson P, Weickert MO, Barber TM. Obesity: novel and unusual predisposing factors. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:2042018820922018.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garvey WT, Mechanick JI. Proposal for a scientifically correct and medically actionable disease classification system (ICD) for obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28:484–92. A review exploring the establishment of a medically actionable classification system utilizing the diagnostic term ABCD.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Obesity Federation, World Obesity Atlas 2023 [Internet]. Available from: https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=19.  Accessed 26 Oct 2023.

De Lorenzo A, Soldati L, Sarlo F, Calvani M, Di Lorenzo N, Di Renzo L. New obesity classification criteria as a tool for bariatric surgery indication. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:681–703.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mechanick JI, Hurley DL, Garvey WT. Adiposity-based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: The american association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology position statement. Endocr Pract. 2017;23:372–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salmón-Gómez L, Catalán V, Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J. Relevance of body composition in phenotyping the obesities. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24:809–23. A review investigating the phenotyping of obesity, with a particular focus on evaluating the clinical utility of body composition.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heymsfield SB, Peterson CM, Thomas DM, Heo M, Schuna JM Jr. Why are there race/ethnic differences in adult body mass index-adiposity relationships? A quantitative critical review Obes Rev. 2016;17:262–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rubino F, Batterham RL, Koch M, Mingrone G, le Roux CW, Farooqi IS, Farpour-Lambert N, Gregg EW, Cummings DE. Lancet diabetes & endocrinology commission on the definition and diagnosis of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11:226–8. A commentary paper highlighting the significance of establishing clinical definitions for obesity.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma AM, Campbell-Scherer DL. Redefining obesity: Beyond the numbers Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017;25:660–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frühbeck G, Busetto L, Dicker D, Yumuk V, Goossens GH, Hebebrand J, Halford JGC, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Blaak EE, Woodward E, Toplak H. The ABCD of Obesity: An EASO Position Statement on a Diagnostic Term with Clinical and Scientific Implications. Obes Facts. 2019;12:131–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:601.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perdomo CM, Avilés-Olmos I, Dicker D, Frühbeck G. Towards an adiposity-related disease framework for the diagnosis and management of obesities. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24:795–807.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma AM, Kushner RF. A proposed clinical staging system for obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33:289–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perdomo CM, Cohen RV, Sumithran P, Clément K, Frühbeck G. Contemporary medical, device, and surgical therapies for obesity in adults. Lancet. 2023;401:1116–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sherf-Dagan S, Sinai T, Goldenshluger A, Globus I, Kessler Y, Schweiger C, Ben-Porat T. Nutritional Assessment and Preparation for Adult Bariatric Surgery Candidates: Clinical Practice. Adv Nutr. 2021;12:1020–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grunvald E, Shah R, Hernaez R, Chandar AK, Pickett-Blakely O, Teigen LM, Harindhanavudhi T, Sultan S, Singh S, Davitkov P. AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity. Gastroenterology. 2022;163:1198–225.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muniraj T, Day LW, Teigen LM, Ho EY, Sultan S, Davitkov P, Shah R, Murad MH. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Intragastric Balloons in the Management of Obesity. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:1799–808.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dave N, Dawod E, Simmons OL. Endobariatrics: a Still Underutilized Weight Loss Tool. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2023;21:172–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, Aminian A, Angrisani L, Cohen RV, de Luca M, Faria SL, Goodpaster KPS, Haddad A, et al. 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2023;33:3–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Docimo S Jr, Aylward L, Albaugh VL, Afaneh C, El Djouzi S, Ali M, Altieri MS, Carter J. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty and its role in the treatment of obesity: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2023;19:1205–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Obesity: identification, assessment and management [Internet]. NICE; updated 2023. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189/resources/obesity-identification-assessment-and-management-pdf-35109821097925. Accessed 26 Mar 2024.

Lahav Y, Kfir A, Gepner Y. The paradox of obesity with normal weight; a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1173488. A cross-sectional study presenting evidence that a BMI within the normal range is insufficient for identifying adiposity.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gill RS, Karmali S, Sharma AM. The potential role of the Edmonton obesity staging system in determining indications for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1947–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jayedi A, Khan TA, Aune D, Emadi A, Shab-Bidar S. Body fat and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46:1573–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB, Orav EJ, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Comparison of the association of predicted fat mass, body mass index, and other obesity indicators with type 2 diabetes risk: two large prospective studies in US men and women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:1113–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, Allison TG, Batsis JA, Sert-Kuniyoshi FH, Lopez-Jimenez F. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:959–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

 Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dicker D, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Obes Facts. 2022;15:321–35. An expert consensus on the definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mocini E, Cammarota C, Frigerio F, Muzzioli L, Piciocchi C, Lacalaprice D, Buccolini F, Donini LM, Pinto A. Digital anthropometry: A systematic review on precision, reliability and accuracy of most popular existing technologies. Nutrients. 2023;15.

Snitker S: Use of body fatness cutoff points. Mayo Clin Proc 2010, 85:1057; author reply 1057–1058.

Durrer Schutz D, Busetto L, Dicker D, Farpour-Lambert N, Pryke R, Toplak H, Widmer D, Yumuk V, Schutz Y. European Practical and Patient-Centred Guidelines for Adult Obesity Management in Primary Care. Obes Facts. 2019;12:40–66.

Article