Choi WG, Choi W, Oh TJ, Cha H-N, Hwang I, Lee YK, et al. Inhibiting serotonin signaling through HTR2B in visceral adipose tissue improves obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 3]. Available from https://www.jci.org/articles/view/145331.

Friedrich MJ. Global obesity epidemic worsening. JAMA. 2017;318:603.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu H, Ballantyne CM. Metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Circ Res. 2020;126:1549–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW, Aronne LJ, Barger J, Baskin M, et al. Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009;49:868–913.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koliaki C, Dalamaga M, Liatis S. Update on the obesity epidemic: after the sudden rise, is the upward trajectory beginning to flatten? Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12:514–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blüher M, Stumvoll M. Diabetes and obesity. In: Bonora E, DeFronzo RA, editors. Diabetes complications, comorbidities and related disorders [Internet]. Cham: Springer; 2020. p. 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36694-0_1.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Smith GI, Mittendorfer B, Klein S. Metabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:3978–89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wondmkun YT. Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes: associations and therapeutic implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2020;13:3611–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:473–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oliveri A, Rebernick RJ, Kuppa A, Pant A, Chen Y, Du X, et al. Comprehensive genetic study of the insulin resistance marker TG:HDL-C in the UK Biobank. Nat Genet. 2024;56:212–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moller DE, Kaufman KD. Metabolic syndrome: a clinical and molecular perspective. Annu Rev Med. 2005;56:45–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:122.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang CCL, Goalstone ML, Draznin B. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance that impact cardiovascular biology. Diabetes. 2004;53:2735–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu Y, Chen W, Zhao Y, Gu M, Gao Y, Ke Y, et al. Visit to visit transition in TXNIP gene methylation and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. J Hum Genet. 2024;1–9.

Grarup N, Sandholt CH, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity: from genome-wide association studies to rare variants and beyond. Diabetologia. 2014;57:1528–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Norris JM, Rich SS. Genetics of Glucose Homeostasis Implications for Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2091–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Benton ML, Abraham A, LaBella AL, Abbot P, Rokas A, Capra JA. The influence of evolutionary history on human health and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2021;22:269–83. Discuss how evolutionary medicine is making strides in fields of human diseases by applying evolutionary principles.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moltzau Anderson J, Horn F. (Re-) Defining evolutionary medicine. Ecol Evol. 2020;10:10930–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nesse RM, Schulkin J. An evolutionary medicine perspective on pain and its disorders. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2019;374:20190288.

Article  Google Scholar 

Huppert FA, Baylis N, Keverne B, Nesse RM. Natural selection and the elusiveness of happiness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359:1333–47.

Article  Google Scholar 

Litman GW, Cooper MD. Why study the evolution of immunity? Nat Immunol. 2007;8:547–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper MD, Herrin BR. How did our complex immune system evolve? Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:2–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neel JV. Diabetes mellitus: A “thrifty” genotype rendered detrimental by “progress”? Am J Hum Genet. 1962;14:353–62.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Dea K. Overview of the thrifty genotype hypothesis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1995;4:339–40.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Speakman JR. Thrifty genes for obesity, an attractive but flawed idea, and an alternative perspective: the ‘drifty gene’ hypothesis. Int J Obes. 2008;32:1611–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Watve MG, Yajnik CS. Evolutionary origins of insulin resistance: a behavioral switch hypothesis. BMC Evol Biol. 2007;7:61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627–42.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Prevalence of obesity among adults, BMI >= 30 (age-standardized estimate) (%) [cited 2022 Aug 30]. 2022. No Title.

Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Bentham J, Cesare MD, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4·4 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387:1513–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Indicator: raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate) - sex: both sexes - age group: 18+ years. 2022. No Title.

Google Scholar 

Djalalinia S, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kelishadi R. Health impacts of obesity. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31:239–42.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nuttall FQ. Body mass index: obesity, bmi, and health: a critical review. Nutr Today. 2015;50:117–28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

South A. Rnaturalearth: world map data from natural earth. R package version 0.1.0. 2017.

Google Scholar 

Wickham H. ggplot2. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat. 2011;3:180–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Luo L, Liu M. Adipose tissue in control of metabolism. J Endocrinol. 2016;231:R77–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skorobogatko Y, Dragan M, Cordon C, Reilly SM, Hung C-W, Xia W, et al. RalA controls glucose homeostasis by regulating glucose uptake in brown fat. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115:7819–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Li N, Huang M, Bartels M, Dogné S, Zhao S, et al. Adipose tissue hyaluronan production improves systemic glucose homeostasis and primes adipocytes for CL 316,243-stimulated lipolysis. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4829.

Article