Bloom DA, Morgan RJ, Scardino PL. Thomas Hillier and percutaneous nephrostomy. Urology. 1989;33(4):346–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(89)90285-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyman A. Infiltrating carcinoma of bladder. Ann Surg. 1935;102(6):1090–1. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-193512000-00016.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rupel E, Brown R. Nephroscopy with removal of stone following nephrostomy for obstructive calculous anuria. J Urol. 1941;46(2):177–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)70906-8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patel SR, Nakada SY. The modern history and evolution of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol. 2015;29(2):153–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2014.0287.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Putman SS, Hamilton BD, Johnson DB. The use of shock wave lithotripsy for renal calculi. Curr Opin Urol. 2004;14(2):117–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042307-200403000-00012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Resit-Goren M, et al. Time to stone clearance for ureteral stones treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Urology. 2011;78(1):26–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2010.10.060.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subramonian S, et al. Trends in renal stone clearance after ureteroscopy: a review. J Endoluminal Endourol. 2019;2(4):e44–50. https://doi.org/10.22374/jeleu.v2i4.72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Doizi S, Traxer O. Flexible ureteroscopy: technique. Tips and Tricks Urolithiasis. 2018;46(1):47–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-017-1030-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung KJ, et al. Changing trends in the treatment of nephrolithiasis in the real world. J Endourol. 2019;33(3):248–53. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2018.0667.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tundo G, et al. Beyond prevalence: annual cumulative incidence of kidney stones in the United States. J Urol. 2021;205(6):1704–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001629.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hill AJ, et al. Incidence of kidney stones in the United States: the continuous national health and nutrition examination survey. J Urol. 2022;207(4):851–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002331.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghani KR, Patel U, Anson K. Computed tomography for percutaneous renal access. J Endourol. 2009;23(10):1633–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brehmer M, Beckman MO, Magnusson A. Three-dimensional computed tomography planning improves percutaneous stone surgery. Scand J Urol. 2014;48(3):316–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jairath A, Ganpule A, Desai M. Percutaneous nephrostomy step by step. Mini-invasive Surg. 2017;1:180–5.

Google Scholar 

Foell K, Honey RJ. Instrumentation and surgical technique: step-by-step percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prone-flexed/lateral. Percutaneous Renal Surg. 2013;6:106–15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhong W. Anatomy for PNL. In: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Singapore: Springer; 2020. p. 13–21.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Manikandan R, Mittal JK, Dorairajan LN, Mishra AK, Sreerag KS, Verma A. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery for simultaneous renal and ureteral stones: a retrospective study. J Endourol. 2016;30(10):1056–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamamoto S, Yasui T, Okada A, Takeuchi M, Taguchi K, Shibamoto Y, Iwase Y, Kawai N, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Developments in the technique of endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the prone split-leg position. Urology. 2014;84(3):565–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scoffone CM, Cracco CM, Cossu M, Grande S, Poggio M, Scarpa RM. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position: a new standard for percutaneous nephrolithotomy? Eur Urol. 2008;54(6):1393–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chi T, Masic S, Li J, Usawachintachit M. Ultrasound guidance for renal tract access and dilation reduces radiation exposure during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Adv Urol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3840697.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng FC, Yam WL, Lim TY, Teo JK, Ng KK, Lim SK. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy: advantages and limitations. Invest Clin Urol. 2017;58(5):346–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

•Pulido-Contreras E, Garcia-Padilla MA, Medrano-Sanchez J, Leon-Verdin G, Primo-Rivera MA, Sur RL. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasound-assisted puncture: does the technique reduce dependence on fluoroscopic ionizing radiation? World J Urol. 2021;1:1–7 (A learning curve exists with ultrasound-guided renal access, however fluoroscopy time is able to be decreased while achieving similar stone-free rates and complication rates).

Google Scholar 

Usawachintachit M, Masic S, Allen IE, Li J, Chi T. Adopting ultrasound guidance for prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy: evaluating the learning curve for the experienced surgeon. J Endourol. 2016;30(8):856–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Penbegul N, Hatipoglu NK, Bodakci MN, Atar M, Bozkurt Y, Sancaktutar AA, Tepeler A. Role of ultrasonography in percutaneous renal access in patients with renal anatomic abnormalities. Urology. 2013;81(5):938–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sabler IM, Katafigiotis I, Gofrit ON, Duvdevani M. Present indications and techniques of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: what the future holds? Asian J Urol. 2018;5(4):287–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Junbo L, Yugen L, Guo J, Jing H, Ruichao Y, Tao W, Junbo L, Yugen L, Guo J, Jing H, Ruichao Y. Retrograde intrarenal surgery vs. percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for lower pole renal stones 10–20 mm: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Urol J. 2019;16(2):97–106.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferakis N, Stavropoulos M. Mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of renal and upper ureteral stones: lessons learned from a review of the literature. Urol Ann. 2015;7(2):141.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kirac M, Bozkurt ÖF, Tunc L, Guneri C, Unsal A, Biri H. Comparison of retrograde intrarenal surgery and mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in management of lower-pole renal stones with a diameter of smaller than 15 mm. Urolithiasis. 2013;41:241–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakr A, Salem E, Kamel M, Desoky E, Ragab A, Omran M, et al. Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs. standard PCNL for management of renal stones in the flank-free modified supine position: single-center experience. Urolithiasis. 2017;45(6):585–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kukreja R, Desai M, Patel S, Bapat S, Desai M. Factors affecting blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prospective study. J Endourol. 2004;18(8):715–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

••Hong Y, Wang H, Xu Q, Chen L, Huang X, Xiong L. Mini-track, mini-nephroscopy, mini-ultrasonic probe percutaneous nephrolithotomy and its initial clinical application. BMC Urol. 2022;22(1):144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-022-01061-0. (PMID: 36071397; PMCID: PMC9450233. Mini-PCNL is a safe approach with relatively minor complications while achieving high stone-free rates, particularly in stones 20mm-40mm).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ruhayel Y, Tepeler A, Dabestani S, MacLennan S, Petřík A, Sarica K, Seitz C, Skolarikos A, Straub M, Türk C, Yuan Y, Knoll T. Tract sizes in miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review from the European association of urology urolithiasis guidelines panel. Eur Urol. 2017;72(2):220–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2017.01.046. (Epub 2017 Feb 23 PMID: 28237786).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giusti G, Piccinelli A, Taverna G, Benetti A, Pasini L, Corinti M, Teppa A, Zandegiacomo de Zorzi S, Graziotti P. Miniperc? No, thank you! Eur Urol. 2007;51(3):810–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2006.07.047. (Epub 2006 Aug 11. PMID: 16938385).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng F, Yu W, Zhang X, Yang S, Xia Y, Ruan Y. Minimally invasive tract in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stones. J Endourol. 2010;24(10):1579–82. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2009.0581. (PMID: 20839954).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackman SV, Docimo SG, Caddedu JA, et al. The ‘“mini-perc”’ technique: a less invasive alternative to percutaneous nephrolithotomy. World J Urol. 1998;16(6):371–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Desai J, Zeng G, Zhao Z, Zhong W, Chen W, Wu W. A novel technique of ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy: introduction and an initial experience for treatment of upper urinary calculi less than 2 cm. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:490793. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/490793. (Epub 2013 Jul 24. PMID: 23984372; PMCID: PMC3741699).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pillai SB, Chawla A, de la Rosette J, Laguna P, Guddeti R, Reddy SJ, Sabnis R, Ganpule A, Desai M, Parikh A. Super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP) vs retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in the management of renal calculi ≤ 2 cm: a propensity matched study. World J Urol. 2022;40(2):553–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03860-w. (Epub 2021 Nov 12. PMID: 34766213; PMCID: PMC8921166).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng G, Wan S, Zhao Z, Zhu J, Tuerxun A, Song C, Zhong L, Liu M, Xu K, Li H, Jiang Z, Khadgi S, Pal SK, Liu J, Zhang G, Liu Y, Wu W, Chen W, Sarica K. Super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP): a new concept in technique and instrumentation. BJU Int. 2016;117(4):655–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.13242. (Epub 2015 Aug 22 PMID: 26220396).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bader MJ, Gratzke C, Seitz M, Sharma R, Stief CG, Desai M. The, “all-seeing needle”: initial results of an optical puncture system confirming access in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol. 2011;59:1054–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.026.

Article  PubMed