Collaboration NCDRF. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398:957–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies C. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2023;147:e93–e621.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:e127–e248.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The japanese society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42:1235–481.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Nighttime home blood pressure is associated with the cardiovascular disease events risk in treatment-resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2022;79:e18–e20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kario K, Hoshide S, Narita K, Okawara Y, Kanegae H, Investigators n. Cardiovascular prognosis in drug-resistant hypertension stratified by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure: the JAMP Study. Hypertension. 2021;78:1781–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, Sobotka PA, Sadowski J, Bartus K, et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet. 2009;373:1275–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Symplicity HTNI, Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE, et al. Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1903–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sievert H, Schofer J, Ormiston J, Hoppe UC, Meredith IT, Walters DL, et al. Renal denervation with a percutaneous bipolar radiofrequency balloon catheter in patients with resistant hypertension: 6-month results from the REDUCE-HTN clinical study. EuroIntervention. 2015;10:1213–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O’Neill WW, D’Agostino R, Flack JM, Katzen BT, et al. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N. Engl J Med. 2014;370:1393–401.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi M, Schmieder RE, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Daemen J, Davies J, et al. Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO): a multicentre, international, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391:2335–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohm M, Kario K, Kandzari DE, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Schmieder RE, et al. Efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1444–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi M, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Sharp ASP, Schmieder RE, Lurz P, et al. Effects of renal denervation vs sham in resistant hypertension after medication escalation: prespecified analysis at 6 months of the RADIANCE-HTN TRIO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7:1244–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kario K, Yokoi Y, Okamura K, Fujihara M, Ogoyama Y, Yamamoto E, et al. Catheter-based ultrasound renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension: the randomized, controlled REQUIRE trial. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:221–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mancia Chairperson G, Kreutz Co-Chair R, Brunstrom M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023;41:1874–2071.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ogoyama Y, Tada K, Abe M, Nanto S, Shibata H, Mukoyama M, et al. Effects of renal denervation on blood pressures in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:210–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi M, Saxena M, Wang Y, Jenkins JS, Devireddy C, Rader F, et al. Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension: the RADIANCE II Randomized Clinical trial. JAMA. 2023;329:651–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kandzari DE, Townsend RR, Kario K, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Schmieder RE, et al. Safety and efficacy of renal denervation in patients taking antihypertensive medications. JACC. 2023;82:1809–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pathak A, Rudolph UM, Saxena M, Zeller T, Müller-Ehmsen J, Lipsic E, et al. Alcohol-mediated renal denervation in patients with hypertension in the absence of antihypertensive medications. EuroIntervention. 2023;19:602–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sterne JAC, Savovic J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weber MA, Kirtane AJ, Weir MR, Radhakrishnan J, Das T, Berk M, et al. The REDUCE HTN: REINFORCE: randomized, sham-controlled trial of bipolar radiofrequency renal denervation for the treatment of hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020;13:461–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahfoud F, Kandzari DE, Kario K, Townsend RR, Weber MA, Schmieder RE, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of renal denervation in the presence of antihypertensive drugs (SPYRAL HTN-ON MED): a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1401–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhatt DL, Vaduganathan M, Kandzari DE, Leon MB, Rocha-Singh K, Townsend RR, et al. Long-term outcomes after catheter-based renal artery denervation for resistant hypertension: final follow-up of the randomised SYMPLICITY HTN-3 trial. Lancet. 2022;400:1405–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Desch S, Okon T, Heinemann D, Kulle K, Rohnert K, Sonnabend M, et al. Randomized sham-controlled trial of renal sympathetic denervation in mild resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65:1202–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathiassen ON, Vase H, Bech JN, Christensen KL, Buus NH, Schroeder AP, et al. Renal denervation in treatment-resistant essential hypertension. A randomized, SHAM-controlled, double-blinded 24-h blood pressure-based trial. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1639–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Azizi M, Sanghvi K, Saxena M, Gosse P, Reilly JP, Levy T, et al. Ultrasound renal denervation for hypertension resistant to a triple medication pill (RADIANCE-HTN TRIO): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2476–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heradien M, Mahfoud F, Greyling C, Lauder L, van der Bijl P, Hettrick DA, et al. Renal denervation prevents subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertensive heart disease: Randomized, sham-controlled trial. Heart Rhythm. 2022;19:1765–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kandzari DE, Townsend RR, Kario K, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Schmieder RE, et al. Safety and efficacy of renal denervation in patients taking antihypertensive medications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:1809–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Cesana G, Corrao G, Grassi G, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation. 2005;111:1777–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, Hinedi K, Atkins N, McClory S, et al. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension. 2005;46:156–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang WY, Melgarejo JD, Thijs L, Zhang ZY, Boggia J, Wei FF, et al. Association of office and ambulatory blood pressure with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. JAMA. 2019;322:409–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fengler K, Reimann P, Rommel KP, Kresoja KP, Blazek S, Unterhuber M, et al. Comparison of long-term outcomes for responders versus non-responders following renal denervation in resistant hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e022429.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Staplin N, de la Sierra A, Ruilope LM, Emberson JR, Vinyoles E, Gorostidi M, et al. Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood pressure and mortality: an observational cohort study in 59 124 patients. Lancet. 2023;401:2041–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kario K, Bhatt DL, Brar S, Cohen SA, Fahy M, Bakris GL. Effect of catheter-based renal denervation on morning and nocturnal blood pressure: insights from SYMPLICITY HTN-3 and SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan. Hypertension. 2015;66:1130–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed