Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, Werfalli M, Sun H, Yuen L, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group’s Criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109050.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Damm P. Future risk of diabetes in mother and child after gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet: Off organ Int Federation Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104:S25–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Neinast M, Murashige D, Arany Z. Branched Chain Amino Acids. Annu Rev Physiol. 2019;81:139–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dimou A, Tsimihodimos V, Bairaktari E. The Critical Role of the Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Catabolism-Regulating Enzymes, Branched-Chain Aminotransferase (BCAT) and Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase (BCKD), in Human Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:4022.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo F, Chen R, Kong L, Wei P, Liu Z, Wang X, et al. Effects of serum branched-chain amino acids on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Hepatol Int. 2022;16:1424–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGarrah RW, White PJ. Branched-chain amino acids in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20:77–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang ZR, Jiang S, Han JX, Gao Y, Xie Y, Chen J, et al. Deficiency of BCAT2-mediated branched-chain amino acid catabolism promotes colorectal cancer development. Biochimica et biophysica acta Mol basis Dis 2023;1870:166941.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sivanand S, Vander Heiden MG. Emerging Roles for Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancer cell. 2020;37:147–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ling ZN, Jiang YF, Ru JN, Lu JH, Ding B, Wu J. Amino acid metabolism in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:345.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramzan I, Ardavani A, Vanweert F, Mellett A, Atherton PJ, Idris I. The Association between Circulating Branched Chain Amino Acids and the Temporal Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14:4411.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Bandt JP, Coumoul X, Barouki R. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients. 2022;15:68.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mangogna A, Di Girolamo FG, Fiotti N, Vinci P, Landolfo M, Mearelli F, et al. High-protein diet with excess leucine prevents inactivity-induced insulin resistance in women. Clin Nutr (Edinb, Scotl). 2023;42:2578–87.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

White PJ, McGarrah RW, Herman MA, Bain JR, Shah SH, Newgard CB. Insulin action, type 2 diabetes, and branched-chain amino acids: A two-way street. Mol Metab. 2021;52:101261.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Supruniuk E, Żebrowska E, Chabowski A. Branched chain amino acids-friend or foe in the control of energy substrate turnover and insulin sensitivity? Crit Rev food Sci Nutr. 2023;63:2559–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanweert F, Schrauwen P, Phielix E. Role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes-related metabolic disturbances BCAA metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 2022;12:35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Xu Z, Ma Y, et al. Association of plasma branched-chain amino acids with overweight: A Mendelian randomization analysis. Obes (Silver Spring, Md). 2021;29:1708–18.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cosentino RG, Churilla JR, Josephson S, Molle-Rios Z, Hossain MJ, Prado WL, et al. Branched-chain Amino Acids and Relationship With Inflammation in Youth With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:3129–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bloomgarden Z. Diabetes and branched-chain amino acids: What is the link? J diabetes. 2018;10:350–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sawicki KT, Ning H, Allen NB, Carnethon MR, Wallia A, Otvos JD, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of branched chain amino acids through young adulthood and diabetes in later life. JCI insight. 2023;8:e166956.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bentley-Lewis R, Huynh J, Xiong G, Lee H, Wenger J, Clish C, et al. Metabolomic profiling in the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2015;58:1329–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allman BR, Diaz EC, Andres A, Børsheim E. Divergent Changes in Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acid Concentrations and Estimates of Insulin Resistance throughout Gestation in Healthy Women. J Nutr. 2020;150:1757–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao H, Li H, Chung ACK, Xiang L, Li X, Zheng Y, et al. Large-Scale Longitudinal Metabolomics Study Reveals Different Trimester-Specific Alterations of Metabolites in Relation to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Proteome Res. 2019;18:292–300.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou W, Meng X, Zhao A, Zhao W, Pan J, Tang J, et al. Development of Multimarker Diagnostic Models from Metabolomics Analysis for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Mol Cell Proteom: MCP. 2018;17:431–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mokkala K, Vahlberg T, Pellonperä O, Houttu N, Koivuniemi E, Laitinen K. Distinct Metabolic Profile in Early Pregnancy of Overweight and Obese Women Developing Gestational Diabetes. J Nutr. 2020;150:31–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

White SL, Pasupathy D, Sattar N, Nelson SM, Lawlor DA, Briley AL, et al. Metabolic profiling of gestational diabetes in obese women during pregnancy. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1903–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Wang J, Wang Y, Song W, et al. Dynamic changes and early predictive value of branched-chain amino acids in gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1000296.

Article  Google Scholar 

Walejko JM, Chelliah A, Keller-Wood M, Wasserfall C, A tkinson M, Gregg A, et al. Diabetes Leads to Alterations in Normal Metabolic Transitions of Pregnancy as Revealed by Time-Course Metabolomics. Metabolites 2020;10:350.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahimi N, Razi F, Nasli-Esfahani E, Qorbani M, Shirzad N, Larijani B. Amino acid profiling in the gestational diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gleason B, Kuang A, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Ilkayeva OR, Scholtens DM, et al. Association of Maternal Metabolites and Metabolite Networks with Newborn Outcomes in a Multi-Ancestry Cohort. Metabolites. 2023;13:505.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maitre L, Villanueva CM, Lewis MR, Ibarluzea J, Santa-Marina L, Vrijheid M, et al. Maternal urinary metabolic signatures of fetal growth and associated clinical and environmental factors in the INMA study. BMC Med. 2016;14:177.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kadakia R, Nodzenski M, Talbot O, Kuang A, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, et al. Maternal metabolites during pregnancy are associated with newborn outcomes and hyperinsulinaemia across ancestries. Diabetologia. 2019;62:473–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kadakia R, Talbot O, Kuang A, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, et al. Cord Blood Metabolomics: Association With Newborn Anthropometrics and C-Peptide Across Ancestries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104:4459–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchanan TA, Catalano PA, Damm P, et al. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes care. 2010;33:676–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu L, Zhang R, Zhang S, Shi W, Yan W, Wang X, et al. [Chinese neonatal birth weight curve for different gestational age]. Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chin J pediatrics. 2015;53:97–103.

Google Scholar 

Vanweert F, de Ligt M, Hoeks J, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Phielix E. Elevated Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels Correlate With Type 2 Diabetes-Related Metabolic Disturbances. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e1827–e36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar