APA (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC

Google Scholar 

Waller R, Wagner NJ, Barstead MG et al (2020) A meta-analysis of the associations between callous-unemotional traits and empathy, prosociality, and guilt. Clin Psychol Rev 75:101809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101809

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleming GE, Neo B, Kaouar S, Kimonis ER (2023) Treatment outcomes of children with primary Versus secondary callous-unemotional traits. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01112-6

Fontaine NM, McCrory EJ, Boivin M et al (2011) Predictors and outcomes of joint trajectories of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. J Abnorm Psychol 120:730–742. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022620

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moffitt TE (2018) Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond. Nat Hum Behav. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0309-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahn RE, Frick PJ, Youngstrom EA et al (2013) Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample. Psychol Assess 25:966–978. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032880

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Isoma Z, Donoghue K (2013) Maltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Child Maltreat 18:108–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513483002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Northam JC, Dadds MR (2020) Is callous always Cold? A critical review of the literature on emotion and the development of callous-unemotional traits in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00309-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fanti KA, Konikou K, Cohn M et al (2020) Amygdala functioning during threat acquisition and extinction differentiates antisocial subtypes. J Neuropsychol 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12183

Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Cauffman E et al (2012) Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Dev Psychopathol 24:1091–1103. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000557

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sethi A, McCrory E, Puetz V et al (2018) Primary and secondary variants of psychopathy in a Volunteer Sample are Associated with different neurocognitive mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.04.002. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging

Cecil CA, Lysenko LJ, Jaffee SR et al (2014) Environmental risk, oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation and youth callous-unemotional traits: a 13-year longitudinal study. Mol Psychiatry 19:1071–1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.95

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cecil CA, McCrory EJ, Barker ED et al (2018) Characterising youth with callous–unemotional traits and concurrent anxiety: evidence for a high-risk clinical group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:885–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1086-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dadds MR, Kimonis ER, Schollar-Root O et al (2018) Are impairments in emotion recognition a core feature of callous-unemotional traits? Testing the primary versus secondary variants model in children. Dev Psychopathol 30:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000475

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goulter N, Kimonis ER, Hawes SW et al (2017) Identifying stable variants of callous-unemotional traits: a longitudinal study of at-risk girls. Dev Psychol 53. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000394

Porter S (1996) Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggress Violent Behav 1:179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-1789(95)00010-0

Article  Google Scholar 

Craig SG, Goulter N, Moretti MM, Clin (2020) Child Fam. Psychol. Rev

Latzman RD, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO (2020) Heterogeneity matters: implications for Poeppl et al.’s (2019) meta-analysis and future neuroimaging research on psychopathy. Mol Psychiatry 25:3123–3124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0386-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poeppl TB, Donges MR, Mokros A et al (2019) A view behind the mask of sanity: meta-analysis of aberrant brain activity in psychopaths. Mol Psychiatry 24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0122-5

Todorov JJ, Devine RT, De Brito SA (2023) Association between childhood maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits in youth: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 146:105049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta A, Love A, Kilpatrick LA et al (2017) Morphological brain measures of Cortico-Limbic Inhibition related to Resilience. J Neurosci Res 95:1760–1775. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blakemore SJ, Mills KL (2014) Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annu Rev Psychol 65

Dixon ML, Dweck CS (2021) The Amygdala and the Prefrontal cortex: the co-construction of Intelligent decision-making. Psychol Rev 129:1414–1441. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000339

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phelps EA (2006) Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annu Rev Psychol 57:27–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070234

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vyas A, Mitra R, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S (2002) Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci 22. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-15-06810.2002

Tottenham N (2012) Human amygdala development in the absence of species-expected caregiving. Dev Psychobiol 54. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20531

Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A et al (2002) Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn958

Viding E, Blair RJ, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2005) Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:592–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00393.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bezdjian S, Raine A, Baker LA, Lynam DR (2011) Psychopathic personality in children: genetic and environmental contributions. Psychol Med 41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000966

Fontaine NM, Rijsdijk FV, McCrory EJP, Viding E (2010) Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:656–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Portnoy J, Jennings JR, Matthews KA et al (2020) The relationship between resting heart rate and aggression in males is racially variant. Aggress Behav 46:170–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21879

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Farina ASJ, Holzer KJ, DeLisi M, Vaughn MG (2018) Childhood trauma and psychopathic features among Juvenile offenders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18766491

Krefeld-Schwalb A, Sugerman ER, Johnson EJ (2024) Exposing omitted moderators: explaining why effect sizes differ in the social sciences. Proc Natl Acad Sci 121:e2306281121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306281121

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bryan CJ, Tipton E, Yeager DS (2021) Behavioural science is unlikely to change the world without a heterogeneity revolution. Nat Hum Behav 5:980–989. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01143-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheridan MA, McLaughlin KA (2014) Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat. Trends Cogn Sci 18:580–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rogers JC, De Brito SA (2016) Cortical and subcortical Gray Matter volume in Youths with Conduct problems: a Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 73:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2423

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng J, Shou Y, Wang MC et al (2024) Core features of callous–unemotional traits: a cross-cultural comparison of youth in four countries. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-023-02357-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang Y, Gao Y, Dong D et al (2021) Structural abnormalities in adolescents with conduct disorder and high versus low callous unemotional traits. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01890-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang Y, Ming Q, Gao Y et al (2019) Effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on brain structures and behaviors in adolescents with conduct disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01363-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, Williams J (2002) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders–patient edtion (SCID-I/P, 11/2002 revision). New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York

Google Scholar 

Gong YX, Cai TS (1993) Wechsler intelligence scale for children, Chinese revision (C-WISC). Map Press Hunan, China

Google Scholar 

Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97–113

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, Handelsman L (1997) Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:340–348

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He J, Zhong X, Gao Y et al (2019) Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) among undergraduates and depressive patients. Child Abus Negl 91:102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.009

Article  Google Scholar 

Gao Y, Jiang Y, Ming Q et al (2021) Neuroanatomical changes associated with conduct disorder in boys: influence of childhood maltreatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01697-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng C, Cheng J, Rong F et al (2023) Psychometric properties and normative data of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form in Chinese adolescents. Front Psychol 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130683

Blair RJ, Colledge E, Murray L, Mitchell DG (2001) A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. J Abnorm Child Psychol 29:491–498

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang MC, Deng Q, Armour C et al (2015) The Psychometric properties and factor structure of the antisocial process screening device self-report version in Chinese adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37:553–562

Article