Fleischmann C, Scherag A, Adhikari NK, Hartog CS, Tsaganos T, Schlattmann P, et al. Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(3):259–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, Carr BG. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(5):1167–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, Beale R, Bakker J, Hofer C, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European society of intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1795–815.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luhr R, Cao Y, Soderquist B, Cajander S. Trends in sepsis mortality over time in randomised sepsis trials: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality in the control arm, 2002–2016. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):241.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rhee C, Dantes R, Epstein L, Murphy DJ, Seymour CW, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs claims data, 2009–2014. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1241–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stevenson EK, Rubenstein AR, Radin GT, Wiener RS, Walkey AJ. Two decades of mortality trends among patients with severe sepsis: a comparative meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(3):625–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1308–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(16):1496–506.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrer R, Artigas A, Levy MM, Blanco J, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Garnacho-Montero J, et al. Improvement in process of care and outcome after a multicenter severe sepsis educational program in Spain. JAMA. 2008;299(19):2294–303.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nguyen HB, Van Ginkel C, Batech M, Banta J, Corbett SW. Comparison of predisposition, insult/infection, response, and organ dysfunction, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, and mortality in emergency department sepsis in patients meeting criteria for early goal-directed therapy and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle. J Crit Care. 2012;27(4):362–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ASSEMBLY SWH. Improving the prevention, diagnosis and clinical management of sepsis. 2017.

Guirgis FW, Jones L, Esma R, Weiss A, McCurdy K, Ferreira J, et al. Managing sepsis: electronic recognition, rapid response teams, and standardized care save lives. J Crit Care. 2017;40:296–302.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen AX, Simpson SQ, Pallin DJ. Sepsis guidelines. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1369–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063–143.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jung B, Martinez M, Claessens YE, Darmon M, Klouche K, Lautrette A, et al. Diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis: guidelines from a French expert panel. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(2):138–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madias NE. Lactic acidosis. Kidney Int. 1986;29(3):752–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, Vallet B, EPISEPSIS Study Group. EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(4):580–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jouffroy R, Gilbert B, Tourtier JP, Bloch-Laine E, Ecollan P, Boularan J, et al. Prehospital bundle of care based on antibiotic therapy and hemodynamic optimization is associated with a 30-day mortality decrease in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(10):1440–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jouffroy R, Gilbert B, Hassan A, Tourtier JP, Bloch-Laine E, Ecollan P, et al. Adequacy of probabilistic prehospital antibiotic therapy for septic shock. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;53:80–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roca O, Messika J, Caralt B, Garcia-de-Acilu M, Sztrymf B, Ricard JD, et al. Predicting success of high-flow nasal cannula in pneumonia patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure: the utility of the ROX index. J Crit Care. 2016;35:200–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bilan N, Dastranji A, Ghalehgolab BA. Comparison of the SpO2/FiO2 ratio and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2015;7(1):28–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Janz DR, Shaver CM, Bernard GR, Bastarache JA, Ware LB. Clinical characteristics and outcomes are similar in ARDS diagnosed by oxygen saturation/FiO2 ratio compared with PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Chest. 2015;148(6):1477–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee CU, Jo YH, Lee JH, Kim J, Park SM, Hwang JE, et al. The index of oxygenation to respiratory rate as a prognostic factor for mortality in sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;45:426–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jouffroy R, Gilbert B, Tourtier JP, Bloch-Laine E, Ecollan P, Bounes V, et al. Impact of prehospital antibiotic therapy on septic shock mortality. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;25:1–8.

Google Scholar 

Jouffroy R, Saade A, Muret A, Philippe P, Michaloux M, Carli P, et al. Fluid resuscitation in pre-hospital management of septic shock. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(10):1754–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adnet F, Lapostolle F. International EMS systems: France. Resuscitation. 2004;63(1):7–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(2):165–228.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jouffroy RGB, Gueye P, Tourtier JP, Bloch-laine E, et al. Prehospital hemodynamic optimisation is associated with a 30-day mortality decrease in patients with septic shock. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;45:105–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salvatore F. The shift of the paradigm between ageing and diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(10):1635–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA. 1993;270(24):2957–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gearing RE, Mian IA, Barber J, Ickowicz A. A methodology for conducting retrospective chart review research in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(3):126–34.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424.

Article  Google Scholar 

Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009;28(25):3083–107.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonca A, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European society of intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(7):707–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Askim A, Moser F, Gustad LT, Stene H, Gundersen M, Asvold BO, et al. Poor performance of quick-SOFA (qSOFA) score in predicting severe sepsis and mortality—a prospective study of patients admitted with infection to the emergency department. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central