Boland, G. W., Lee, M. J., Gazelle, G. S., Halpern, E. F., McNicholas, M. M., & Mueller, P. R. (1998). Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 171(1), 201–204. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.171.1.9648789.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boland, G. W., Blake, M. A., Hahn, P. F., & Mayo-Smith, W. W. (2008). Incidental adrenal lesions: principles, techniques, and algorithms for imaging characterization. Radiology, 249(3), 756–775. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2493070976.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pokharel, S. S., Macura, K. J., Kamel, I. R., & Zaheer, A. (2013). Current MR imaging lipid detection techniques for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 33(3), 681–702. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.333125068.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee, M. J., Hahn, P. F., Papanicolaou, N., Egglin, T. K., Saini, S., Mueller, P. R., & Simeone, J. F. (1991). Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. Radiology, 179(2), 415–418. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.179.2.2014283.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korobkin, M., Brodeur, F. J., Yutzy, G. G., Francis, I. R., Quint, L. E., Dunnick, N. R., & Kazerooni, E. A. (1996). Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from non adenomas using CT attenuation values. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 166(3), 531–536. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.166.3.8623622.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korobkin, M., Brodeur, F. J., Francis, I. R., Quint, L. E., Dunnick, N. R., & Londy, F. (1998). CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and non adenomas. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 170(3), 747–752. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.170.3.9490968.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caoili, E. M., Korobkin, M., Francis, I. R., Cohan, R. H., & Dunnick, N. R. (2000). Delayed enhanced CT of lipid-poor adrenal adenomas. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 175(5), 1411–1415. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.175.5.1751411.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peña, C. S., Boland, G. W., Hahn, P. F., Lee, M. J., & Mueller, P. R. (2000). Characterization of indeterminate (lipid-poor) adrenal masses: use of washout characteristics at contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology, 217(3), 798–802. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.217.3.r00dc29798.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caoili, E. M., Korobkin, M., Francis, I. R., Cohan, R. H., Platt, J. F., Dunnick, N. R., & Raghupathi, K. I. (2002). Adrenal masses: characterization with combined unenhanced and delayed enhanced CT. Radiology, 222(3), 629–633. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2223010766.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel, J., Davenport, M. S., Cohan, R. H., & Caoili, E. M. (2013). Can established CT attenuation and washout criteria for adrenal adenoma accurately exclude pheochromocytoma?. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 201(1), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9620.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park, B. K., Kim, B., Ko, K., Jeong, S. Y., & Kwon, G. Y. (2006). Adrenal masses falsely diagnosed as adenomas on unenhanced and delayed contrast-enhanced computed tomography: pathological correlation. European radiology, 16(3), 642–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-0017-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park, B. K., Kim, C. K., Kwon, G. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2007). Re-evaluation of pheochromocytomas on delayed contrast-enhanced CT: washout enhancement and other imaging features. European radiology, 17(11), 2804–2809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-0695-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schieda, N., Alrashed, A., Flood, T. A., Samji, K., Shabana, W., & McInnes, M. D. (2016). Comparison of Quantitative MRI and CT Washout Analysis for Differentiation of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma From Adrenal Adenoma. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 206(6), 1141–1148. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.15.15318.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guller U, Turek J, Eubanks S, Delong ER, Oertli D, Feldman JM. (2006). Detecting Pheochromocytoma. Annals of Surgery, 243(1), 102–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000193833.51108.24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bessell-Browne, R., & O'Malley, M. E. (2007). CT of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: risk of adverse events with i.v. administration of nonionic contrast material. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 188(4), 970–974. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.0827.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berland, L. L., Silverman, S. G., Gore, R. M., Mayo-Smith, W. W., Megibow, A. J., Yee, J., Brink, J. A., Baker, M. E., Federle, M. P., Foley, W. D., Francis, I. R., Herts, B. R., Israel, G. M., Krinsky, G., Platt, J. F., Shuman, W. P., & Taylor, A. J. (2010). Managing incidental findings on abdominal CT: white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR, 7(10), 754–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2010.06.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mayo-Smith, W. W., Song, J. H., Boland, G. L., Francis, I. R., Israel, G. M., Mazzaglia, P. J., Berland, L. L., & Pandharipande, P. V. (2017). Management of Incidental Adrenal Masses: A White Paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR, 14(8), 1038–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.05.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grumbach, M. M., Biller, B. M., Braunstein, G. D., Campbell, K. K., Carney, J. A., Godley, P. A., Harris, E. L., Lee, J. K., Oertel, Y. C., Posner, M. C., Schlechte, J. A., & Wieand, H. S. (2003). Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Annals of internal medicine, 138(5), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeiger, M. A., Thompson, G. B., Duh, Q. Y., Hamrahian, A. H., Angelos, P., Elaraj, D., Fishman, E., Kharlip, J., American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, & American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (2009). American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Medical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 15(5), 450–453. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.15.5.450.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young W. F., Jr (2007). Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. The New England journal of medicine, 356(6), 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp065470.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garrett, R. W., Nepute, J. C., Hayek, M. E., & Albert, S. G. (2016). Adrenal Incidentalomas: Clinical Controversies and Modified Recommendations. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 206(6), 1170–1178. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.15.15475.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boland, G. W., Dwamena, B. A., Jagtiani Sangwaiya, M., Goehler, A. G., Blake, M. A., Hahn, P. F., Scott, J. A., & Kalra, M. K. (2011). Characterization of adrenal masses by using FDG PET: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Radiology, 259(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11100569.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sherlock, M., Scarsbrook, A., Abbas, A., Fraser, S., Limumpornpetch, P., Dineen, R., & Stewart, P. M. (2020). Adrenal Incidentaloma. Endocrine reviews, 41(6), 775–820. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa008.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corwin, M. T., Badawy, M., Caoili, E. M., Carney, B. W., Colak, C., Elsayes, K. M., Gerson, R., Klimkowski, S. P., McPhedran, R., Pandya, A., Pouw, M. E., Schieda, N., Song, J. H., & Remer, E. M. (2022). Incidental Adrenal Nodules in Patients Without Known Malignancy: Prevalence of Malignancy and Utility of Washout CT for Characterization-A Multiinstitutional Study. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 219(5), 804–812. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.22.27901.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson L. D. (2002). Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal gland Scaled Score (PASS) to separate benign from malignant neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 100 cases. The American journal of surgical pathology, 26(5), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200205000-00002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akbulut, S., Erten, O., Kahramangil, B., Gokceimam, M., Kim, Y. S., Li, P., Remer, E. M., & Berber, E. (2021). A Critical Analysis of Computed Tomography Washout in Lipid-Poor Adrenal Incidentalomas. Annals of surgical oncology, 28(5), 2756–2762. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09329-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fassnacht, M., Arlt, W., Bancos, I., Dralle, H., Newell-Price, J., Sahdev, A., Tabarin, A., Terzolo, M., Tsagarakis, S., & Dekkers, O. M. (2016). Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. European journal of endocrinology, 175(2), G1–G34. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-0467.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi, Y. A., Kim, C. K., Park, B. K., & Kim, B. (2013). Evaluation of adrenal metastases from renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: use of delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology, 266(2), 514–520. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120110.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elhassan, Y. S., Ronchi, C. L., Wijewickrama, P., & Baldeweg, S. E. (2023). Approach to the Patient With Adrenal Hemorrhage. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 108(4), 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac672.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehmood KT, Sharman T. (2001). Adrenal Hemorrhage. (2001). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555911/.

Albano, D., Agnello, F., Midiri, F., Pecoraro, G., Bruno, A., Alongi, P., Toia, P., Di Buono, G., Agrusa, A., Sconfienza, L. M., Pardo, S., La Grutta, L., Midiri, M., & Galia, M. (2019). Imaging features of adrenal masses. Insights into imaging, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corwin, M. T., Navarro, S. M., Malik, D. G., Loehfelm, T. W., Fananapazir, G., Wilson, M., & Campbell, M. J. (2019). Differences in Growth Rate on CT of Adrenal Adenomas and Malignant Adrenal Nodules. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 213(3), 632–636. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.19.21342.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pantalone, K. M., Gopan, T., Remer, E. M., Faiman, C., Ioachimescu, A. G., Levin, H. S., Siperstein, A., Berber, E., Shepardson, L. B., Bravo, E. L., & Hamrahian, A. H. (2010). Change in adrenal mass size as a predictor of a malignant tumor. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 16(4), 577–587. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP09351.OR.

Article