Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally, killing more people annually than any other cause, and are particularly prevalent among older people (Nayeem et al., 2022). It is a disease involving the heart and blood vessels, like coronary heart disease (García-Vega et al., 2022), cardiomyopathy (Goto et al., 2022), and heart failure (David et al., 2022). When stimulating factors act, blood vessels and the myocardium change their structure and function, including thickening of blood vessel walls, myocardial hypertrophy, and fibrosis, to adapt to the change of environment, called remodeling. This process is the pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases.

In the elderly population, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and age-related heart valve disease are the most common types of disease leading to cardiac remodeling (Wu et al., 2021). The immune system plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (Wang and Wang, 2022). The study reveals that various immune cells and cytokines, such as macrophages and T cells, regulate cardiac injury formation and remodeling (Sánchez-Trujillo et al., 2017). An increasing number of studies have shown that as an important part of the immune system, B cells work by secreting antibodies, and cytokines, and regulating other immune cells, participating in the activation of cardiac fibroblast and the development of cardiovascular diseases (Cordero-Reyes et al., 2016, Kyaw et al., 2021) (Fig. 1). Cardiac B cells are closely related to the inflammatory response and cardiac remodeling after heart injury (Jiao et al., 2021).

B cells in the heart regulate viral myocarditis, pericarditis (Martini et al., 2019), and those cardiovascular system diseases. B cells may promote the development of the pathological process. As a recent study found, in mice with heart allograft transplantation and lymphatic ablation, B cells promote the recovery of T cells by upregulating macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) expression, which provides potential therapeutic targets (Hasgur et al., 2022). The treatment based on immunity, especially B cells, has significant implications for the therapy of cardiovascular diseases (Jiao et al., 2021, Zhang et al., 2022a). Therefore, the description of its mechanism also provides new ideas for new therapeutic targets and methods.