Global tuberculosis report 2023. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240083851. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.

Menzies NA, Wolf E, Connors D, Bellerose M, Sbarra AN, Cohen T, et al. Progression from latent infection to active disease in dynamic tuberculosis transmission models: a systematic review of the validity of modelling assumptions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:e228–38.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duarte R, Lönnroth K, Carvalho C, Lima F, Carvalho ACC, Muñoz-Torrico M, et al. Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV). Pulmonology. 2018;24:115–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Long Q, Guo L, Jiang W, Huan S, Tang S. Ending tuberculosis in China: health system challenges. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6:e948–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chew NWS, Ng CH, Tan DJH, Kong G, Lin C, Chin YH, et al. The global burden of metabolic disease: data from 2000 to 2019. Cell Metab. 2023;35:414-428.e3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications : report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. World Health Organization; 1999.

Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng TO. Metabolic syndrome in China. Circulation. 2004;109:e180–e180.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joint Committee for Developing Chinese guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults. Chinese guidelines on prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in adults. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2007;35:390–419.

Huang Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Wang X, Chen Z, Shao L, et al. The prevalence and characteristics of metabolic syndrome according to different definitions in China: a nationwide cross-sectional study, 2012–2015. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1869.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee M-R, Huang Y-P, Kuo Y-T, Luo C-H, Shih Y-J, Shu C-C, et al. Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:719–27.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seegert AB, Rudolf F, Wejse C, Neupane D. Tuberculosis and hypertension-a systematic review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;56:54–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu P, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Ding X, Kong W, Zhu L, et al. Association of BMI, diabetes, and risk of tuberculosis: a population-based prospective cohort. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;109:168–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin H-H, Wu C-Y, Wang C-H, Fu H, Lönnroth K, Chang Y-C, et al. Association of obesity, diabetes, and risk of tuberculosis: two population-based cohorts. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:699–705.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jo YS, Han K, Kim D, Yoo JE, Kim Y, Yang B, et al. Relationship between total cholesterol level and tuberculosis risk in a nationwide longitudinal cohort. Sci Rep. 2021;11:16254.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sekula P, Del Greco MF, Pattaro C, Köttgen A. Mendelian randomization as an approach to assess causality using observational data. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:3253–65.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klungel OH, Martens EP, Psaty BM, Grobbee DE, Sullivan SD, Stricker BHC, et al. Methods to assess intended effects of drug treatment in observational studies are reviewed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:1223–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes | Nature Genetics. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-021-00931-x. Accessed 23 Apr 2023.

Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and vascular disease. Hypertension. 2013;61:943–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

TODAY Study Group, Bjornstad P, Drews KL, Caprio S, Gubitosi-Klug R, Nathan DM, et al. Long-term complications in youth-onset type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:416–26.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Recommended guidelines and consensus on metabolic syndrome by Chinese Diabetes Society of Chinese Medical Association. http://www.cds.org.cn/znygs/24.html. Accessed 15 Aug 2023.

Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey SG. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362: k601.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanderson E. Multivariable Mendelian Randomization and Mediation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med. 2021;11: a038984.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021 - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33298417/. Accessed 17 Aug 2023.

Ronald LA, Campbell JR, Rose C, Balshaw R, Romanowski K, Roth DZ, et al. Estimated impact of World Health Organization latent tuberculosis screening guidelines in a region with a low tuberculosis incidence: retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:2101–8.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barron MM, Shaw KM, Bullard KM, Ali MK, Magee MJ. Diabetes is associated with increased prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;139:366–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:737–46.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez DI, Twahirwa M, Schlesinger LS, Restrepo BI. Reduced association of mycobacteria with monocytes from diabetes patients with poor glucose control. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2013;93:192–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Jiang X, Pfau D, Ling Y, Nathan CF. Type I interferon signaling mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced macrophage death. J Exp Med. 2021;218: e20200887.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lachmandas E, Vrieling F, Wilson LG, Joosten SA, Netea MG, Ottenhoff TH, et al. The effect of hyperglycaemia on in vitro cytokine production and macrophage infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0117941.

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar NP, Moideen K, Dhakshinraj SD, Banurekha VV, Nair D, Dolla C, et al. Profiling leucocyte subsets in tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidity. Immunology. 2015;146:243–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar NP, Sridhar R, Nair D, Banurekha VV, Nutman TB, Babu S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with altered CD8+ T and natural killer cell function in pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunology. 2015;144:677–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shivakoti R, Newman JW, Hanna LE, Queiroz ATL, Borkowski K, Gupte AN, et al. Host lipidome and tuberculosis treatment failure. Eur Respir J. 2022;59:2004532.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anh NK, Phat NK, Yen NTH, Jayanti RP, Thu VTA, Park YJ, et al. Comprehensive lipid profiles investigation reveals host metabolic and immune alterations during anti-tuberculosis treatment: implications for therapeutic monitoring. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;158: 114187.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han Y-S, Chen J-X, Li Z-B, Chen J, Yi W-J, Huang H, et al. Identification of potential lipid biomarkers for active pulmonary tuberculosis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2021;246:387–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar