*Department of Anesthesiology, UPMC

†UPMC Health Plan

‡Wolff Center

§Department of Surgery, UPMC

∥VA Pittsburgh Center for Health Equity and Research Promotion

¶VA Pittsburgh Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA

D.H., J.K., and J.L.: concept and design. A.B., J.L., J.S., J.K., D.H., and A.T.: acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. A.T. and D.H.: drafting of the manuscript. A.T., J.L., A.B., D.Y., J.S., J.K., and D.H.: critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. J.L. and A.B.: statistical analysis.

Portions of these data were presented previously at the Association of VA Surgeons Annual Meeting, April 24, 2022 to April 26, 2022 (Pittsburgh, PA), and the UPMC Surgery Research Day 2022, May 11, 2022.

D.H.—consulting relationship with FutureAssure, LLC. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

[email protected].

Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article. Direct URL citations are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's website, www.annalsofsurgery.com.