Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel SC, Carpenter WR, Tyree S et al (2011) Increasing incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young white women, age 18 to 44 years. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1488–1494. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.78

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rusthoven K, Ballonoff A, Raben D, Chen C (2008) Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 112(2):345–351

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farquhar DR, Tanner AM, Masood MM et al (2018) Oral tongue carcinoma among young patients: an analysis of risk factors and survival. Oral Oncol. 84:7–11

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, Sullivan B et al (2017) Head and neck cancers—major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. Cancer J Clin 67(2):122–137

Article  Google Scholar 

Bello IO, Soini Y, Salo T (2010) Prognostic evaluation of oral tongue cancer: means, markers and perspectives (II). Oral Oncol 46(9):636–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.06.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shetty SS, Kudpaje A, Jayaraj R, Rao V, Shah PK (2019) Tongue cancer: a discrete oral cavity subsite. Oral Oncol 99:104348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.06.029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu T-R, Chen F-J, Yang A-K et al (2011) Elective neck dissection in clinical stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: does it improve regional control or survival time? Oral Oncol 47(2):136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.11.018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi KY, Park SC, Kim JH, Lee DJ (2021) The occult nodal metastasis rate of early tongue cancer (T1–T2): a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024327

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fakih AR, Rao RS, Borges AM, Patel AR (1989) Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in early carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 158(4):309–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(89)90122-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abu-Ghanem S, Yehuda M, Carmel N-N et al (2016) Elective neck dissection vs observation in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue with no clinically apparent lymph node metastasis in the neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 142(9):857–865. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2016.1281

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ibrahim SA, Ahmed ANA, Elsersy HA, Darahem IMH (2020) Elective neck dissection in T1/T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma with N0 neck: essential or not? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 277(6):1741–1752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05866-3

Article  Google Scholar 

Fasunla AJ, Greene BH, Timmesfeld N, Wiegand S, Werner JA, Sesterhenn AM (2011) A meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on elective neck dissection versus therapeutic neck dissection in oral cavity cancers with clinically node-negative neck. Oral Oncol 47(5):320–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.03.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuen APW, Wei WI, Wong YM, Tang KC (1997) Elective neck dissection versus observation in the treatment of early oral tongue carcinoma. Head & Neck 19(7):583–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0347(199710)19:7%3c583::AID-HED4%3e3.0.CO;2-3

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bradfield JS, Scruggs RP (1983) Carcinoma of the mobile tongue: incidence of cervical metastases in early lesions related to method of primary treatment. Laryngoscope 93(10):1332–1336. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.1983.93.10.1332

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woolgar JA (1997) Detailed topography of cervical lymph-node metastases from oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26(1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(97)80837-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byers RM, Weber RS, Andrews T, McGill D, Kare R, Wolf P (1997) Frequency and therapeutic implications of “skip metastases” in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck 19(1):14–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0347(199701)19:1%3c14::AID-HED3%3e3.0.CO;2-Y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crean SJ, Hoffman A, Potts J, Fardy M (2003) Reduction of occult metastatic disease by extension of the supraomohyoid neck dissection to include level IV. Head & Neck 25(9):758–762

Article  Google Scholar 

Shah J, Andersen P (1995) Evolving role of modifications in neck dissection for oral squamous carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 33(1):3–8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferlito A, Mannarà GM, Rinaldo A, Politi M, Robiony M, Costa F (2000) Is extended selective supraomohyoid neck dissection indicated for treatment of oral cancer with clinically negative neck? Acta Otolaryngol. 120(7):792–795

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Zinis LOR, Bolzoni A, Piazza C, Nicolai P (2006) Prevalence and localization of nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: role and extension of neck dissection. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Head Neck 263(12):1131–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-006-0128-5

Article  Google Scholar 

Khafif A, Lopez-Garza JR, Medina JE (2001) Is dissection of level IV necessary in patients with T1–T3 N0 tongue cancer? Laryngoscope 111(6):10881090. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200106000-00029

Article  Google Scholar 

Sarkaria JN, Harari PM (1994) Oral tongue cancer in young adults less than 40 years of age: rationale for aggressive therapy. Head Neck 16(2):107–111

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris SL, Kimple RJ, Hayes DN, Couch ME, Rosenman JG (2010) Never-smokers, never-drinkers: unique clinical subgroup of young patients with head and neck squamous cell cancers. Head Neck: J Sci Special Head Neck 32(4):499–503

Article  Google Scholar 

Hilly O, Shkedy Y, Hod R et al (2013) Carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients younger than 30 years: comparison with patients older than 60 years. Oral Oncol 49(10):987–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.07.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldstein DP, Irish JC (2005) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the young patient. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 13(4):207–211

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paderno A, Morello R, Piazza C (2018) Tongue carcinoma in young adults: a review of the literature. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 38(3):175

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blanchard P, Belkhir F, Temam S et al (2017) Outcomes and prognostic factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young adults: a single-institution case-matched analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 274(3):1683–1690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-4419-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lau L, Eu D, Loh T, Ahmed Q, Lim CM (2021) Histopathologic prognostic indices in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 278(7):2461–2471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06329-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shin J-H, Yoon H-J, Kim S-M, Lee J-H, Myoung H (2020) Analyzing the factors that influence occult metastasis in oral tongue cancer. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 46(2):99. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.2.99

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chuang S-T, Chen C-C, Yang S-F et al (2020) Tumor histologic grade as a risk factor for neck recurrence in patients with T1–2N0 early tongue cancer. Oral Oncol 106:104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104706

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhan KY, Morgan PF, Neskey DM et al (2018) Preoperative predictors of occult nodal disease in cT1N0 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: review of 2623 cases. Head Neck 40(9):1967–1976. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25178

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mascitti M, Togni L, Caponio V et al (2021) Lymphovascular invasion as a prognostic tool for oral squamous cell carcinoma: a comprehensive review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2021.03.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sparano A, Weinstein G, Chalian A, Yodul M, Weber R (2004) Multivariate predictors of occult neck metastasis in early oral tongue cancer. Otolaryngol—Head Neck Surg 131(4):472–476

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuen APW, Lam KY, Wei WI et al (2000) A comparison of the prognostic significance of tumor diameter, length, width, thickness, area, volume, and clinicopathological features of oral tongue carcinoma. Am J Surg 180(2):139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00433-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurokawa H, Yamashita Y, Takeda S, Zhang M, Fukuyama H, Takahashi T (2002) Risk factors for late cervical lymph node metastases in patients with stage I or II carcinoma of the tongue. Head Neck 24(8):731–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.10130

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rastogi S, Sharma A, Al Wayli H, Choudhury R, Tripathi S, Kumar S (2019) Is skip metastases associated with tumor thickness and tumor size in tongue carcinoma patients? Clin Oral Investig 23(5):2071–2075.