1. Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, Goossens H, Pringle M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:13.

2. Slimings C, Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:881–891.

3. Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, et al. Candida auris: an overview of the emerging drug-resistant fungal infection. Infect Chemother 2022;54:236–246.

4. Cheong T, Ahn J, Kim YS, Pai H, Kim B. Quantitative evaluation of the economic impact of antimicrobial resistance on the treatment of community-acquired acute pyelonephritis in Korea. Infect Chemother 2022;54:456–469.

5. Magill SS, O’Leary E, Ray SM, et al. Assessment of the appropriateness of antimicrobial use in US hospitals. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e212007.

6. Gürtler N, Erba A, Giehl C, Tschudin-Sutter S, Bassetti S, Osthoff M. Appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in a Swiss tertiary care hospital: a repeated point prevalence survey. Swiss Med Wkly 2019;149:w20135.

7. Park SY, Moon SM, Kim B, et al. Appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions during hospitalization and ambulatory care: a multicentre prevalence survey in Korea. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022;29:253–258.

8. Kim YC, Park JY, Kim B, et al. Prescriptions patterns and appropriateness of usage of antibiotics in non-teaching community hospitals in South Korea: a multicentre retrospective study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022;11:40.

9. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. Policy statement on antimicrobial stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:322–327.

10. García-Rodríguez JF, Bardán-García B, Peña-Rodríguez MF, Álvarez-Díaz H, Mariño-Callejo A. Meropenem antimicrobial stewardship program: clinical, economic, and antibiotic resistance impact. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019;38:161–170.

11. Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F, et al. Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:990–1001.

12. Al-Omari A, Al Mutair A, Alhumaid S, et al. The impact of antimicrobial stewardship program implementation at four tertiary private hospitals: results of a five-years pre-post analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020;9:95.

13. Barlam TF. The state of antibiotic stewardship programs in 2021: The perspective of an experienced steward. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2021;1:e20.

15. Kim Y, Chae J, Shin S, et al. Trends in national pharmaceutical expenditure in Korea during 2011 – 2020. Infect Chemother 2023;55:237–246.

16. Division of Antimicrobial Resistance Control, Bureau of Healthcare Safety and Immunication, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. The Integrated Operation Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP). Osong: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 2023. 18. Cheong HS, Park KH, Kim B, et al. Developing core elements and checklist items for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in Korean general hospitals: a modified Delphi survey. Infect Chemother 2023;55:59–68.

19. Schaut M, Schaefer M, Trost U, Sander A. Integrated antibiotic clinical decision support system (CDSS) for appropriate choice and dosage: an analysis of retrospective data. Germs 2022;12:203–213.

20. Kwon MK, Jung KH, Choi S, et al. Antibiotics use patterns in end-of-life cancer patients and medical staff’s perception of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Korean J Intern Med 2023;38:758–768.

21. Choi H, Ahn H, Lee R, Cho SY, Lee DG. Bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic diseases: causative organisms and factors associated with resistance. Infect Chemother 2022;54:340–352.

22. Kwon JC, Kim SH, Choi JK, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of bloodstream infections in hematology wards: one year experience at the catholic blood and marrow transplantation center. Infect Chemother 2013;45:51–61.

23. Yoon YK, Park GC, An H, Chun BC, Sohn JW, Kim MJ. Trends of antibiotic consumption in Korea according to national reimbursement data (2008–2012): a population-based epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e2100.

24. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline and review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77:835–864.

25. Choi HJ, Adiyani L, Sung J, et al. Five-year decreased incidence of surgical site infections following gastrectomy and prosthetic joint replacement surgery through active surveillance by the Korean Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System. J Hosp Infect 2016;93:339–346.

26. Jung YJ, Kim EJ, Choi YH. Aerosolized antibiotics in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia. Korean J Intern Med 2022;37:1–12.

27. Kim B, Kim YC, Kim HS, Park SY, Choi JY. Significance of the regular publication of statistics on national health indicators in academic journals and the prospects of Korea National Antimicrobial Use Analysis System (KONAS). Infect Chemother 2023;55:306–307.

28. Little P, Stuart B, Francis N, et al. Effects of internet-based training on antibiotic prescribing rates for acute respiratory-tract infections: a multinational, cluster, randomised, factorial, controlled trial. Lancet 2013;382:1175–1182.

29. Park SM, Kim HS, Jeong YM, et al. Impact of intervention by an antimicrobial stewardship team on conversion from intravenous to oral fluoroquinolones. Infect Chemother 2017;49:31–37.

30. Song YJ, Kim M, Huh S, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program on unnecessary double anaerobic coverage prescription. Infect Chemother 2015;47:111–116.

31. Kim B, Eun BW, Lee E, Kim TH, Park S, Park SY. Professional status of infectious disease specialists in Korea: a nationwide survey. J Korean Med Sci 2022;37:e320.

32. Park SY, Chang HH, Kim B, et al. Human resources required for antimicrobial stewardship activities for hospitalized patients in Korea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020;41:1429–1435.

33. Lee MJ, Moon SM, Kim B, et al. Status of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Korean hospitals including small to medium-sized hospitals and the awareness and demands of physicians: a nationwide survey in 2020. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021;26:180–187.

34. Kim B, Lee MJ, Moon SM, et al. Current status of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Korean hospitals: results of a 2018 nationwide survey. J Hosp Infect 2020;104:172–180.

35. Lee HJ, Lee DG. Urgent need for novel antibiotics in Republic of Korea to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Korean J Intern Med 2022;37:271–280.

36. Park SY, Kim YC, Moon SM, Kim B, Lee R, Kim HB. Developing a framework for regular and sustainable qualitative assessment of antibiotic use in Korean medical institutions: a Delphi study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023;12:114.

37. Park SY, Kim YC, Lee R, Kim B, Moon SM, Kim HB. Current status and prospect of qualitative assessment of antibiotics prescriptions. Infect Chemother 2022;54:599–609.

38. Kim CJ. Current status of antibiotic stewardship and the role of biomarkers in antibiotic stewardship programs. Infect Chemother 2022;54:674–698.

39. Lee H. Procalcitonin as a biomarker of infectious diseases. Korean J Intern Med 2013;28:285–291.

40. Kim YK. Procalcitonin in bloodstream infections: beyond its role as a marker of clinical algorithm to reduce antimicrobial overuse. Korean J Intern Med 2018;33:78–80.

41. Park DW, Choi JY, Kim CJ, Kim JH, Kim HB, Lee DG. Implementation of procalcitonin in antibiotic stewardship: derivation of a consensus algorithm for procalcitonin use in clinical practice. Infect Chemother 2022;54:621–636.

42. Kim B, Hwang H, Kim J, Lee MJ, Pai H. Ten-year trends in antibiotic usage at a tertiary care hospital in Korea, 2004 to 2013. Korean J Intern Med 2020;35:703–713.

43. Shin DH, Kim HS, Heo E, et al. Stepwise expansion of antimicrobial stewardship programs and its impact on antibiotic use and resistance rates at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. Microbiol Spectr 2022;10:e0033522.

44. Chun JY, Song KH, Lee DE, et al. Impact of a computerised clinical decision support system on vancomycin loading and the risk of nephrotoxicity. Int J Med Inform 2021;149:104403.

45. Song JU, Lee J. The impact of antimicrobial de-escalation therapy in culture-negative pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Intern Med 2023;38:704–713.

46. Amábile-Cuevas CF. Myths and misconceptions around antibiotic resistance: time to get rid of them. Infect Chemother 2022;54:393–408.

47. Kim B, Kim J, Kim SW, Pai H. A survey of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Korea, 2015. J Korean Med Sci 2016;31:1553–1559.

48. Kim HS, Park SY, Choi H, et al. Development of a roadmap for the antimicrobial usage monitoring system for medical institutions in Korea: a Delphi study. Infect Chemother 2022;54:483–492.

49. Maeda M, Muraki Y, Kosaka T, et al. Essential human resources for antimicrobial stewardship teams in Japan: Estimates from a nationwide survey conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy. J Infect Chemother 2019;25:653–656.