Lung cancer is undeniably the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths globally, accounting for approximately one-fifth of global cancer deaths, and is the deadliest cancer among men and the second deadliest among women (Bray et al., 2018, Sung et al., 2021). While smoking remains a significant risk factor for lung cancer, it’s worth noting that 15 %-25 % of lung cancer cases occur in individuals who have never smoked (Cheng et al., 2021). If lung cancer in never smokers is distinguished from lung cancer in smokers, it would rank as the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide (Torres-Duran, 2014). It is estimated that 3–20 % of global lung cancer deaths can be attributed to radon exposure, and this percentage reaches 30 % in never smokers (Torres-Duran, 2014, Forouzanfar et al., 2015). Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer, following smoking, and is the primary cause among individuals who have never smoked (World Health Organization (WHO), 2010, World Health Organization (WHO), 2024, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2016).

Indeed, the level of knowledge regarding whether radon gas causes lung cancer is not widely known. Vogeltanz-Holm and Schwartz conducted a review of epidemiological literature, analyzing 20 studies, and discovered that a substantial number of individuals, especially those under 30 years of age and with lower levels of education, lack awareness of radon (Vogeltanz-Holm and Schwartz, 2018). Similarly, a survey conducted by Lopes et al. among the Portuguese population revealed that the majority of respondents had never heard of radon gas. Even among those who were aware of its existence, knowledge about the associated risks and consequences was lacking (Lopes et al., 2021). In Canada, only approximately 6 % of the population has radon monitoring in their homes (Shergill et al., 2021).

Given this context, we recognized the necessity for a comprehensive, succinct, and up-to-date review of the relationship between radon gas and lung cancer. Such a review would provide an overview of the epidemiological evidence, the biological basis, the current advancements in dosimetry and risk modeling, and the future research focus on the carcinogenic effects of radon. Crucially, it would help raise awareness about radon gas and promote the scientific implementation of radon monitoring and control measures. By disseminating this information, we can work towards reducing the risks associated with radon exposure and ensuring the implementation of effective preventive measures.