Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gelinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:e825–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang YT, Lang JK, Haines KJ, Skinner EH, Haines TP. Physical rehabilitation in the ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2022;50:375–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nydahl P, Sricharoenchai T, Chandra S, Kundt FS, Huang M, Fischill M, Needham DM. Safety of patient mobilization and rehabilitation in the intensive care unit. Systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14:766–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Team Study Investigators, Anzics Clinical Trials Group, Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Brickell K, Broadley T, Buhr H, Gabbe BJ, Gould DW, et al. Early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:1747–58.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hodgson CL, Stiller K, Needham DM, Tipping CJ, Harrold M, Baldwin CE, Bradley S, Berney S, Caruana LR, Elliott D, et al. Expert consensus and recommendations on safety criteria for active mobilization of mechanically ventilated critically ill adults. Crit Care. 2014;18:658.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cuthbertson BH, Goddard S. Benefits and harms of early rehabilitation. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:1878–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schaller SJ, Anstey M, Blobner M, Edrich T, Grabitz SD, Gradwohl-Matis I, Heim M, Houle T, Kurth T, Latronico N, et al. Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:1377–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sricharoenchai T, Parker AM, Zanni JM, Nelliot A, Dinglas VD, Needham DM. Safety of physical therapy interventions in critically ill patients: a single-center prospective evaluation of 1110 intensive care unit admissions. J Crit Care. 2014;29:395–400.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

TEAM Study Investigators, Hodgson C, Bellomo R, Berney S, Bailey M, Buhr H, Denehy L, Harrold M, Higgins A, Presneill J, et al. Early mobilization and recovery in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU: a bi-national, multi-centre, prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19:81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Moss M, Nordon-Craft A, Malone D, Van Pelt D, Frankel SK, Warner ML, Kriekels W, McNulty M, Fairclough DL, Schenkman M. A randomized trial of an intensive physical therapy program for patients with acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:1101–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brummel NE, Jackson JC, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Schiro E, Work B, Pun BT, Boehm L, Gill TM, Ely EW. A combined early cognitive and physical rehabilitation program for people who are critically ill: the activity and cognitive therapy in the intensive care unit (ACT-ICU) trial. Phys Ther. 2012;92:1580–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nydahl P, Gunther U, Diers A, Hesse S, Kerschensteiner C, Klarmann S, Borzikowsky C, Kopke S. PROtocol-based MObilizaTION on intensive care units: stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot study (Pro-Motion). Nurs Crit Care. 2020;25:368–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Needham DM. Johns Hopkins University Outcomes After Critical Illness & Surgery (OACIS) Group. Monitoring & Documentation System for Physiological Changes & Potential Safety Events for ICU Rehabilitation 2013. https://icurehabnetwork.org/resources/. Accessed 10 Oct 2023.

Meyer MJ, Stanislaus AB, Lee J, Waak K, Ryan C, Saxena R, Ball S, Schmidt U, Poon T, Piva S, et al. Surgical Intensive Care Unit Optimal Mobilisation Score (SOMS) trial: a protocol for an international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial focused on goal-directed early mobilisation of surgical ICU patients. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003262.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris PE, Berry MJ, Files DC, Thompson JC, Hauser J, Flores L, Dhar S, Chmelo E, Lovato J, Case LD, et al. Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2694–702.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nickels MR, Aitken LM, Walsham J, Barnett AG, McPhail SM. Critical Care Cycling Study (CYCLIST) trial protocol: a randomised controlled trial of usual care plus additional in-bed cycling sessions versus usual care in the critically ill. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017393.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schweickert WD, Jablonski J, Bayes B, Chowdhury M, Whitman C, Tian J, Blette B, Tran T, Halpern SD. Structured mobilization for critically ill patients: a pragmatic cluster-randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208:49–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fossat G, Baudin F, Courtes L, Bobet S, Dupont A, Bretagnol A, Benzekri-Lefevre D, Kamel T, Muller G, Bercault N, et al. Effect of in-bed leg cycling and electrical stimulation of the quadriceps on global muscle strength in critically ill adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:368–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kho ME, Berney S, Connolly B. Physical rehabilitation in the intensive care unit: past, present, and future. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49:864–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasson F, Keeney S, McKenna H. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32:1008–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinha IP, Smyth RL, Williamson PR. Using the Delphi technique to determine which outcomes to measure in clinical trials: recommendations for the future based on a systematic review of existing studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000393.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stiller K, Phillips A. Safety aspects of mobilising acutely ill inpatients. Physiother Theory Pract. 2003;19:239–57.

Article  Google Scholar 

Berney SC, Rose JW, Denehy L, Granger CL, Ntoumenopoulos G, Crothers E, Steel B, Clarke S, Skinner EH. Commencing out-of-bed rehabilitation in critical care-what influences clinical decision-making? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100:261–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garzon-Serrano J, Ryan C, Waak K, Hirschberg R, Tully S, Bittner EA, Chipman DW, Schmidt U, Kasotakis G, Benjamin J, et al. Early mobilization in critically ill patients: patients’ mobilization level depends on health care provider’s profession. PM&R. 2011;3:307–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Leditschke AI, Green M, Irvine J, Bissett B, Mitchell IA. What are the barriers to mobilizing intensive care patients? Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2012;23:26–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berney SC, Harrold M, Webb SA, Seppelt I, Patman S, Thomas PJ, Denehy L. Intensive care unit mobility practices in Australia and New Zealand: a point prevalence study. Crit Care Resusc. 2013;15:260–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nydahl P, Ruhl AP, Bartoszek G, Dubb R, Filipovic S, Flohr HJ, Kaltwasser A, Mende H, Rothaug O, Schuchhardt D, et al. Early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients: a 1-day point-prevalence study in Germany. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1178–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrold ME, Salisbury LG, Webb SA, Allison GT. Australia and Scotland ICU Physiotherapy Collaboration: early mobilisation in intensive care units in Australia and Scotland: a prospective, observational cohort study examining mobilisation practises and barriers. Crit Care. 2015;19:336.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hickmann CE, Castanares-Zapatero D, Bialais E, Dugernier J, Tordeur A, Colmant L, Wittebole X, Tirone G, Roeseler J, Laterre PF. Teamwork enables high level of early mobilization in critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6:80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brock C, Marzano V, Green M, Wang J, Neeman T, Mitchell I, Bissett B. Defining new barriers to mobilisation in a highly active intensive care unit—have we found the ceiling? An observational study. Heart Lung. 2018;47:380–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capell EL, Tipping CJ, Hodgson CL. Barriers to implementing expert safety recommendations for early mobilisation in intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation: a prospective observational study. Aust Crit Care. 2019;32:185–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollenberg SM. Vasoactive drugs in circulatory shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:847–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jentzer JC, Coons JC, Link CB, Schmidhofer M. Pharmacotherapy update on the use of vasopressors and inotropes in the intensive care unit. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20:249–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang JK, Paykel MS, Haines KJ, Hodgson CL. Clinical practice guidelines for early mobilization in the ICU: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2020;48:e1121–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Berney S, Buhr H, Denehy L, Gabbe B, Harrold M, Higgins A, Iwashyna TJ, et al. A binational multicenter pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial of early goal-directed mobilization in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:1145–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jolley SE, Regan-Baggs J, Dickson RP, Hough CL. Medical intensive care unit clinician attitudes and perceived barriers towards early mobilization of critically ill patients: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Woodbridge HR, Norton C, Jones M, Brett SJ, Alexander CM, Gordon AC. Clinician and patient perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to physical rehabilitation in intensive care: a qualitative interview study. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e073061.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar