From the aDrexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

bDepartment of Economics, Columbia University, New York, New York

cDepartment of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA

dDivision of Plastic Surgery, Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, Scripps Clinic Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA.

Received June 30, 2023, and accepted for publication, after revision November 6, 2023.

Justin M. Camacho is a co-first author.

Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared.

Research presented at: CSPS on May 2023 in San Francisco, CA.

Ethical compliance: For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

Data access statement: Data used in this study are available through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Reprints: Chris M. Reid, MD, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, 200 W Arbor Dr, MC 8890, San Diego, CA 92103-8890. E-mail: [email protected].