Rey RA, Grinspon RP, Gottlieb S, Pasqualini T, Knoblovits P, Aszpis S, et al. Male hypogonadism: an extended classification based on a developmental, endocrine physiology-based approach. Am Soc Androl Eur Acad Androl. 2012;1:3–16.

Google Scholar 

Kumar P, Kumar N, Thakur DS, Thakur DS, Patidar A. Male hypogonadism: symptoms and treatment. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010;1:297–301.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fieldman AH, Longcope C, Derby CA, Johannes CB, Aroujo AB, Coviello AD, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:589–98.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mulligan T, Frick MF, Zuraw QC, Stemhagen A, McWhirter C. Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:762–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ventimiglia E, Ippolito S, Capogrosso P, Pederzoli F, Cazzaniga W, Boeri L, et al. Primary, secondary and compensated hypogonadism: a novel risk stratification for infertile men. Andrology. 2017;5:505–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

George M, Yulia T, Svetlana K. Influence of testosterone gel treatment on spermatogenesis in men with hypogonadism. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30:22–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vigen R, O’Donnell CI, Barón AE, Grunwald GK, Maddox TM, Bradley SM. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013;310:1829–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Wolff DW, Xie Y, Lin M, Tu Y. Cyproterone acetate enhances TRAIL-induced androgen-independent prostate cancer cell apoptosis via up-regulation of death receptor 5. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:11.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jung M, Oh K, Choi EJ, Oh D, Kim YJ, Bae D. In vitro and in vivo androgen regulation of Dendropanax morbiferus leaf extract on late-onset hypogonadism. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2018;64:20–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tripathy A, Ara F, Ghosh P, Ghosh D. Effect of lycopene on testicular androgenic and anti-oxidative enzymes in cyproterone acetate-induced male infertile Wistar strain albino rats: an in vitro study. Andrologia. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13494

Nde Z, Massoma LD, Wankeu-Nya M, Ngaha MI, Koloko LB, Bend EF. Potential activity of Aframomum daniellii (Zingiberaceae) dry seeds: a case study of its action mechanism on the Wistar rat strain with testicular deficiency. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110759.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rockville MD. US food and drug administration (USFDA). Guidance for industry: estimating the maximum safe starting dose in adult healthy volunteer. 2005

Yakubu, MT, Akanji, MA. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Massularia acuminata Stem on Sexual Behavior of Male Wistar Rats. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2011; https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/738103

Souza AD, Bessa DH, Fernandes CC, Pereira PS, Martin CH, Miranda ML Phytochemical screening of extracts from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (Rutaceae) leaves and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-Listeria monocytogenes activities. Acta Sci Biol Sci. 2020; https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.51881

OECD: Organisation for Economic, Cooperative and Development. Guideline for testing of chemicals, test n°423, acute oral toxicity – acute toxic class method. 2001; 1–14

Cariton AE. Experimental surgery of the genital system. In: Gay WI and Heavener JE (eds). Methods of animal experimentation: research surgery and care of the research animal; part B chirurgical approaches to organ systems. Academic Press, Orlando, 1986, pp 191.

Watcho P, Wankeu-Nya M, Nguelefack TB, Tapondjou L, Teponno R, Kamanyi A. Pro-sexual effects of Dracaena arborea (WILD) LINK (Dracaenaceae) in sexually experienced male rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2007;1:400–19.

Google Scholar 

Ageel AM, Islam MW, Ginawi OT, Al-Yahya, MA. Evaluation of the aphrodisiac activity of Litsea chinensis (Lauraceae) and Orchis malculata (Orchidaceae) extracts in rats. Phyther Res. 1994; https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650080211

Carro-Juárez M, Cervantes E, Cervantes-Méndez M, Rodríguez-Manzo G. Aphrodisiac properties of Montanoa tomentosa aqueous crude extract in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004;78:129–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chauhan N, Dixit V. Spermatogenic activity of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in male rats. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod. 2008;1:26–31.

Google Scholar 

Robb GW, Amann RP, Killian GJ. Daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserves of pubertal and adult rats. J Reprod Fertil. 1978;54:103–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ernst EA. Method for evaluation of epididymal sperm count and motility in the rat. Scand J Lab Anim Sci. 1989;16:67–71.

Google Scholar 

Chen C, Gao G, Ho D, Lin C, Chou Y, Chen S. Cyproterone acetate acts as a disruptor of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Sci Rep. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84769-7

Zamblé A, Sahpaz S, Brunet C, Bailleul F. Effects of Microdesmis keayana roots on sexual behavior of male rats. Phytomedicine. 2008;15:625–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT, Adesokan AA. Androgenic potentials of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. stem in male Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;118:508–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP. The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction-an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat. Phytomedicine. 2008;15:44–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moundipa PF, Beboy NS, Zelefack F, Ngouela S, Tsamo E, et al. Effects of Basella alba and Hibiscus macranthus extracts on testosterone production of adult rat and bull Leydig cells. Asian J Androl. 2005;7:411–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JY, Wood RI. Anabolic-androgenic steroids and appetitive sexual behavior in male rats. Horm Behav. 2014;66:585–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shimon I, Lubina A, Gorfine M, Ilany J. Feedback inhibition of gonadotropins by testosterone in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: comparison to the intact pituitary-testicular axis in primary hypogonadism. J Androl. 2006;27:358–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kotta S, Ansari SH, Ali J. Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7:1–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simanainen U, McNamara K, Davey RA, Zajac JD, Handelsman DJ. Severe subfertility in mice with androgen receptor inactivation in sex accessory organs but not in testis. Endocrinology. 2008;149:3330–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grande G, Barrachina F, Soler-Ventura A, Jodar M, Mancini F, Marana R. The Role of Testosterone in Spermatogenesis: Lessons From Proteome Profiling of Human Spermatozoa in Testosterone Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.852661

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar GG, Kilari EK, Nelli NB. Oral administration of Turnera diffusa willd. ex Schult. extract ameliorates steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis impairment in the testes of rats with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116638.5

Wankeu-Nya M, Florea A, Bâlici S, Watcho P, Matei H, Kamanyi A. Dracaena arborea alleviates ultra-structural spermatogenic alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-71

Wankeu-Nya M, Florea A, Bâlici Ş, Matei H, Watcho P, Kamanyi A. Cytoarchitectural improvement in Leydig cells of diabetic rats after treatment with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Dracaena arborea (Dracaenaceae). J Tradit Complement Med. 2021;11:1–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar