Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Zhang Y. Combination of tumor fragments and nanotechnology as a therapeutic approach: treating a tumor with tumor. Nano Today. 2020;35: 100993.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Petrowsky H, Fritsch R, Guckenberger M, De Oliveira ML, Dutkowski P, Clavien P-A. Modern therapeutic approaches for the treatment of malignant liver tumours. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17:755–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khalaf K, Hana D, Chou JT, Singh C, Mackiewicz A, Kaczmarek M. Aspects of the tumor microenvironment involved in immune resistance and drug resistance. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 656364.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Durão P, Balbontín R, Gordo I. Evolutionary mechanisms shaping the maintenance of antibiotic resistance. Trends Microbiol. 2018;26:677–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russell SP, Neary C, Abd Elwahab S, Powell J, O’Connell N, Power L, Tormey S, Merrigan BA, Lowery AJ. Breast infections—microbiology and treatment in an era of antibiotic resistance. Surgeon. 2020;18:1–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown SB, Brown EA, Walker I. The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5:497–508.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shao Y, Liu B, Di Z, Zhang G, Sun LD, Li L, Yan CH. Engineering of upconverted metal-organic frameworks for near-infrared light-triggered combinational photodynamic/chemo-/immunotherapy against hypoxic tumors. J Am Chem Soc. 2020;142:3939–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang Z, Wang J, Ai S, Sun J, Mai X, Guan W. Self-generating oxygen enhanced mitochondrion-targeted photodynamic therapy for tumor treatment with hypoxia scavenging. Theranostics. 2019;9:6809–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Sun J, Hu W, Wang Y, Chou T, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Ren L, Wang H. A porous Au@Rh bimetallic core-shell nanostructure as an H(2) O(2)-driven oxygenerator to alleviate tumor hypoxia for simultaneous bimodal imaging and enhanced photodynamic therapy. Adv Mater. 2020;32: e2001862.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li D, Hu QY, Wang XZ, Li X, Hu JQ, Zheng BY, Ke MR, Huang JD. A non-aggregated silicon(IV) phthalocyanine-lactose conjugate for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2020;30: 127164.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chinna Ayya Swamy P, Sivaraman G, Priyanka RN, Raja SO, Ponnuvel K, Shanmugpriya J, Gulyani A. Near Infrared (NIR) absorbing dyes as promising photosensitizer for photo dynamic therapy. Coordination Chem Rev. 2020;411: 213233.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ge G, Li L, Wang D, Chen M, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Wu X, Guo C. Carbon dots: synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B. 2021;9:6553–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma V, Tiwari P, Mobin SM. Sustainable carbon-dots: recent advances in green carbon dots for sensing and bioimaging. J Mater Chem B. 2017;5:8904–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu X, Yuan X, Han L, Liu H, Sun B. A smartphone-integrated optosensing platform based on red-emission carbon dots for real-time detection of pyrethroids. Biosens Bioelectron. 2021;191: 113460.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali H, Ghosh S, Jana NR. Fluorescent carbon dots as intracellular imaging probes. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2020;12: e1617.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Truskewycz A, Yin H, Halberg N, Lai DTH, Ball AS, Truong VK, Rybicka AM, Cole I. Carbon dot therapeutic platforms: administration, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and therapeutic potential. Small. 2022;18: e2106342.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tejwan N, Saha SK, Das J. Multifaceted applications of green carbon dots synthesized from renewable sources. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;275: 102046.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uprety B, Abrahamse H. Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy: recent advances. Front Chem. 2022;10: 946574.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manikandan V, Lee NY. Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots and their environmental applications. Environ Res. 2022;212: 113283.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Mukherjee S, Yi J, Banerjee P, Chen Q, Zhou S. Biocompatible chitosan-carbon dot hybrid nanogels for NIR-imaging-guided synergistic photothermal-chemo therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9:18639–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ardekani SM, Dehghani A, Hassan M, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I, Gomes VG. Two-photon excitation triggers combined chemo-photothermal therapy via doped carbon nanohybrid dots for effective breast cancer treatment. Chem Eng J. 2017;330:651–62.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yao H, Zhao W, Zhang S, Guo X, Li Y, Du B. Dual-functional carbon dot-labeled heavy-chain ferritin for self-targeting bio-imaging and chemo-photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B. 2018;6:3107–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao J, Li F, Zhang S, An Y, Sun S. Preparation of N-doped yellow carbon dots and N, P co-doped red carbon dots for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy of tumors. New J Chem. 2019;43:6332–42.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cramer GM, Cengel KA, Busch TM. Forging forward in photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 2022;82:534–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ochsner M. Photophysical and photobiological processes in the photodynamic therapy of tumours. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;39:1–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abrahamse H, Hamblin Michael R. New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Biochem J. 2016;473:347–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding H, Yu H, Dong Y, Tian R, Huang G, Boothman DA, Sumer BD, Gao J. Photoactivation switch from type II to type I reactions by electron-rich micelles for improved photodynamic therapy of cancer cells under hypoxia. J Control Release. 2011;156:276–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharman WM, Allen CM, van Lier JE. Role of activated oxygen species in photodynamic therapy. Methods Enzymol. 2000;319:376–400.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang ZJ, Wang KP, Mo JG, Xiong L, Wen Y. Photodynamic therapy regulates fate of cancer stem cells through reactive oxygen species. World J Stem Cells. 2020;12:562–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Z, Song J, Nie L, Chen X. Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy. Chem Soc Rev. 2016;45:6597–626.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yao Q, Fan J, Long S, Zhao X, Li H, Du J, Shao K, Peng X. The concept and examples of type-III photosensitizers for cancer photodynamic therapy. Chem. 2022;8:197–209.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sai DL, Lee J, Nguyen DL, Kim YP. Tailoring photosensitive ROS for advanced photodynamic therapy. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:495–504.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sekar R, Basavegowda N, Jena S, Jayakodi S, Elumalai P, Chaitanyakumar A, Somu P, Baek KH. Recent developments in heteroatom/metal-doped carbon dot-based image-guided photodynamic therapy for cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1869.

Di Y, Deng R, Liu Z, Mao Y, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Wang S. Optimized strategies of ROS-based nanodynamic therapies for tumor theranostics. Biomaterials. 2023;303: 122391.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung YJ, Kim J, Park CB. Photonic carbon dots as an emerging nanoagent for biomedical and healthcare applications. ACS Nano. 2020;14:6470–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Sun H, Wang F, Ren J, Qu X. How functional groups influence the ROS generation and cytotoxicity of graphene quantum dots. Chem Commun (Camb). 2017;53:10588–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pillar-Little TJ, Wanninayake N, Nease L, Heidary DK, Glazer EC, Kim DY. Superior photodynamic effect of carbon quantum dots through both type I and type II pathways: detailed comparison study of top-down-synthesized and bottom-up-synthesized carbon quantum dots. Carbon.