Adeloye D, Chua S, Lee C, Basquill C, Papana A, Theodoratou E, et al. Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2015;5: 020415. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.05.020415.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease report 2024. https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/. Accessed 5 Jan 2024.

World Health Organization. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd). Accessed 6 Feb 2024.

Mathers C. Projections of global deaths from 2016 to 2060 2022. https://colinmathers.com/2022/05/10/projections-of-global-deaths-from-2016-to-2060/. Accessed 9 Nov 2023.

Chen W, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M, FitzGerald JM. Risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:631–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00241-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amegadzie JE, Sadatsafavi M. A long overdue recognition: COPD as a distinct predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Eur Respir J. 2023;62:2301167. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01167-2023.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S, Mapel DW. Cardiovascular comorbidity in COPD: systematic literature review. Chest. 2013;144:1163–78. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-2847.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forfia PR, Vaidya A, Wiegers SE. Pulmonary heart disease: the heart-lung interaction and its impact on patient phenotypes. Pulm Circ. 2013;3:5–19. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-8932.109910.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Decramer M, Janssens W. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1:73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(12)70060-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maclagan LC, Croxford R, Chu A, Sin DD, Udell JA, Lee DS, et al. Quantifying COPD as a risk factor for cardiac disease in a primary prevention cohort. Eur Respir J. 2023;62:2202364. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02364-2022.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fabbri LM, Celli BR, Agustí A, Criner GJ, Dransfield MT, Divo M, et al. COPD and multimorbidity: recognising and addressing a syndemic occurrence. Lancet Respir Med. 2023;11:1020–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00261-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hurst JR, Skolnik N, Hansen GJ, Anzueto A, Donaldson GC, Dransfield MT, et al. Understanding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations on patient health and quality of life. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;73:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2019.12.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hughes R, Rapsomaniki E, Janson C, Keen C, Make BJ, Burgel P-R, et al. Frequent productive cough: symptom burden and future exacerbation risk among patients with asthma and/or COPD in the NOVELTY study. Respir Med. 2022;200: 106921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106921.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kunisaki KM, Dransfield MT, Anderson JA, Brook RD, Calverley PM, Celli BR, et al. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiac events. A post hoc cohort analysis from the SUMMIT randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:51–7. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201711-2239OC.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rothnie KJ, Müllerová H, Smeeth L, Quint JK. Natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in a general practice-based population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:464–71. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201710-2029OC.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia BA. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006;100:115–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foos V, Mcewan P, Holmgren U, Marshall J, Müllerová H, Nigris ED. Projections of 10-year mortality in patients with COPD in the UK using the CHOPIN policy model. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(Suppl. 65):PA1012. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.PA1012. (Abstract).

Article  Google Scholar 

Matarese A, Sardu C, Shu J, Santulli G. Why is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease linked to atrial fibrillation? A systematic overview of the underlying mechanisms. Int J Cardiol. 2019;276:149–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.075.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen C-C, Lin C-H, Hao W-R, Chiu C-C, Fang Y-A, Liu J-C, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ventricular arrhythmia: a nationwide population-based cohort study. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2021;31:8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-021-00221-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Chen Z, Li S, Xu S. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with arrhythmia risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8: 732349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.732349.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Finkelstein J, Cha E, Scharf SM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:337–49. https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.s6400.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krishnan S, Tan WC, Farias R, Aaron SD, Benedetti A, Chapman KR, et al. Impaired spirometry and COPD increase the risk of cardiovascular disease: a Canadian cohort study. Chest. 2023;164:637–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2023.02.045.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carter P, Lagan J, Fortune C, Bhatt DL, Vestbo J, Niven R, et al. Association of cardiovascular disease with respiratory disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2166–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.063.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amegadzie JE, Gao Z, Quint JK, Russell R, Hurst JR, Lee TY, et al. QRISK3 underestimates the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2023-220615.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watz H, Tetzlaff K, Magnussen H, Mueller A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Wouters EF, et al. Spirometric changes during exacerbations of COPD: a post hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Respir Res. 2018;19:251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0944-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suissa S, Dell’Aniello S, Ernst P. Long-term natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: severe exacerbations and mortality. Thorax. 2012;67:957–63. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201518.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goto T, Shimada YJ, Faridi MK, Camargo CA, Hasegawa K. Incidence of acute cardiovascular event after acute exacerbation of COPD. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:1461–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4518-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müllerová H, Marshall J, de Nigris E, Varghese P, Pooley N, Embleton N, et al. Association of COPD exacerbations and acute cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2022;16:17534666221113648. https://doi.org/10.1177/17534666221113647.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nordon C, Rhodes K, Quint JK, Vogelmeier CF, Simons SO, Hawkins NM, et al. EXAcerbations of COPD and their OutcomeS on CardioVascular diseases (EXACOS-CV) Programme: protocol of multicountry observational cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2023;13: e070022. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Graul EL, Nordon C, Rhodes K, Marshall J, Menon S, Kallis C, et al. Temporal risk of non-fatal cardiovascular events post COPD exacerbation: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202307-1122OC.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hawkins NM, Nordon C, Rhodes K, Talukdar M, McMullen S, Ekwaru P, et al. Heightened long-term cardiovascular risks after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2023-323487.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vogelmeier C, Simons S, Garbe E, Sin D, Hawkins N, Manito N, et al. Increased risk of severe cardiovascular events following exacerbations of COPD: a multi-database cohort study. Eur Respir J 2023;62:PA3013 (Abstract).

Swart KMA, Baak BN, Lemmens L, Penning-van Beest FJA, Bengtsson C, Lobier M, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events after an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the EXACOS-CV cohort study using the PHARMO Data Network in the Netherlands. Respir Res. 2023;24:293. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-023-02601-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dransfield MT, Criner GJ, Halpin, Han MK, Hartley B, Kalhan R, et al. Time‐dependent risk of cardiovascular events following an exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: post hoc analysis from the IMPACT trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e024350. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.024350.

Westerik JA, Metting EI, van Boven JF, Tiersma W, Kocks JW, Schermer TR. Associations between chronic comorbidity and exacerbation risk in primary care patients with COPD. Respir Res. 2017;18:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-017-0512-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Curkendall SM, deLuise C, Jones JK, Lanes S, Stang MR, Goehring E, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada: cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.04.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams MC, Murchison JT, Edwards LD, Agustí A, Bakke P, Calverley PM, et al. Coronary artery calcification is increased in patients with COPD and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Thorax. 2014;69:718–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203151.

Article  PubMed