Our changing population: United States. USA Facts. Published July 2022. https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/. Accessed 25 Apr 2023

Duma N, Aguilera JV, Paludo J et al (2018) Representation of minorities and women in oncology clinical trials: review of the past 14 years. J Oncol Pract 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.2017.025288

Unger JM, Hershman DL, Osarogiagbon RU et al (2021) Representativeness of black patients in cancer clinical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute compared with pharmaceutical companies. JNCI Cancer Spectr 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCICS/PKAA034

Murthy VH, Krumholz HM, Gross CP (2004) Participation in cancer clinical trials: Race-, sex-, and age-based disparities. J Am Med Assoc 291(22):2720–2726. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.22.2720

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Unger JM, Hershman DL, Till C et al (2021) “When offered to participate”: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient agreement to participate in cancer clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 113(3):244–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djaa155

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diehl KM, Green EM, Weinberg A et al (2011) Features associated with successful recruitment of diverse patients onto cancer clinical trials: report from the american college of surgeons oncology group. Ann Surg Oncol 18(13):3544–3550. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-011-1818-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim DJ, Otap D, Ruel N, Gupta N, Khan N, Dorff T (2020) NCI–clinical trial accrual in a community network affiliated with a designated cancer center. J Clin Med 9(6):1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061970

Article  Google Scholar 

Miller KD, Ortiz AP, Pinheiro PS et al (2021) Cancer statistics for the US Hispanic/Latino population, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin 71(6). https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21695

Giaquinto AN, Miller KD, Tossas KY, Winn RA, Jemal A, Siegel RL (2022) Cancer statistics for African American/Black People 2022. CA Cancer J Clin 72(3). https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21718

Wallington SF, Dash C, Sheppard VB et al (2016) Enrolling minority and underserved populations in cancer clinical research. Am J Prev Med 50(1):111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.036

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruner DW, Pugh SL, Yeager KA, Bruner J, Curran W (2015) Cartographic mapping and travel burden to assess and develop strategies to improve minority access to national cancer clinical trials presented in part as a poster abstract presentation at the National Cancer Institute-American Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer Trial Accrual Symposium, April 29–30, 2010, Bethesda, MD. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.06.041

Meropol NJ, Buzaglo JS, Millard J et al (2007) Barriers to clinical trial participation as perceived by oncologists and patients. JNCCN J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 5(8). https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2007.0067

Galsky MD, Stensland KD, McBride RB et al (2015) Geographic accessibility to clinical trials for advanced cancer in the United States. JAMA Intern Med 175(2):293–295. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6300

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seidler EM, Keshaviah A, Brown C, Wood E, Granick L, Kimball AB (2014) Geographic distribution of clinical trials may lead to inequities in access. Clin Investig (Lond) 4(4):373–380. https://doi.org/10.4155/cli.14.21

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barrett NJ, Rodriguez EM, Iachan R et al (2020) Factors associated with biomedical research participation within community-based samples across 3 National Cancer Institute–designated cancer centers. Cancer 126(5):1077–1089. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32487

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Javier-DesLoges J, Nelson TJ, Murphy JD et al (2022) Disparities and trends in the participation of minorities, women, and the elderly in breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer clinical trials. Cancer 128(4):770–777. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33991

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang LC, Ma Y, Ngo JV, Rhoads KF (2014) What factors influence minority use of National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers? Cancer 120(3):399–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28413

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel R, DeSantis C, Jemal A (2014) Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 64(2). https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21220

Harris DM, Miller JE, Davis DM (2003) Racial differences in breast cancer screening, knowledge and compliance. J Natl Med Assoc 95(8)

Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Walter V, Tchelebi LT, Chinchilli VM, Gusani NJ (2019) Clinical trial accrual at initial course of therapy for cancer and its impact on survival. JNCCN J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 17(11). https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.7321

Nazha B, Mishra M, Pentz R, Owonikoko TK (2019) Enrollment of racial minorities in clinical trials: old problem assumes new urgency in the age of immunotherapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 39:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_100021

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akinboro O, Vallejo JJ, Nakajima EC et al (2022) Outcomes of anti–PD-(L)1 therapy with or without chemotherapy (chemo) for first-line (1L) treatment of advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PD-L1 score ≥ 50%: FDA pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 40(16_suppl). https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.9000

Bruno DS, Hess LM, Li X, Su EW, Patel M (2022) Disparities in biomarker testing and clinical trial enrollment among patients with lung, breast, or colorectal cancers in the United States. JCO Precis Oncol (6). https://doi.org/10.1200/po.21.00427

Albain KS, Unger JM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA, Hershman DL (2009) Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials patients of the southwest oncology group. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(14). https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp175

Vuong I, Wright J, Nolan MB, Eggen A, Bailey E, Strickland R, Traynor A, Downs T (2020) Overcoming barriers: evidence-based strategies to increase enrollment of underrepresented populations in cancer therapeutic clinical trials-a narrative review. J Cancer Educ 35(5):841–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-019-01650-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar