Joyner MJ, Coyle EF. Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. J Physiol. 2008;586:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med. 2000;29:373–86. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paavolainen L, Häkkinen K, Hämäläinen I, et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1527–33. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1527.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casado A, Renfree A. Fortune favors the brave: tactical behaviors in the middle-distance running Events at the 2017 IAAF World Championships. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13:1386–91. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0055.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Billat LV, Koralsztein JP. Significance of the velocity at V̇O(2max) and time to exhaustion at this velocity. Sports Med. 1996;22:90–108. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199622020-00004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Med Open. 2015;1:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0007-y.

Article  Google Scholar 

Conley DL, Krahenbuhl GS. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12:357–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandford GN, Pearson S, Allen SV, et al. Tactical behaviors in men’s 800-m Olympic and World-Championship medalists: a changing of the guard. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13:246–9. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0780.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berryman N, Mujika I, Arvisais D, et al. Strength training for middle- and long-distance performance: a meta-analysis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balsalobre-Fernández C, Santos-Concejero J, Grivas GV. Effects of strength training on running economy in highly trained runners: a systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:2361–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001316.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denadai BS, de Aguiar RA, de Lima LCR, et al. Explosive training and heavy weight training are effective for improving running economy in endurance athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017;7:545–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0604-z.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eihara Y, Takao K, Sugiyama T, et al. Heavy resistance training versus plyometric training for improving running economy and running time trial performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2022;8:138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00511-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alcaraz-Ibañez M, Rodríguez-Pérez M. Effects of resistance training on performance in previously trained endurance runners: a systematic review. J Sports Sci. 2018;36:613–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1326618.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rønnestad BR, Mujika I. Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: a review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:603–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, García-Pinillos F, et al. Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: a meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2021;39:2030–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:674–88. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beattie K, Kenny IC, Lyons M, et al. The effect of strength raining on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2014;44:845–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blagrove RC, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Effects of strength training on the physiological determinants of middle- and long-distance running performance: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2018;48:1117–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0835-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filipas L, Bonato M, Maggio A, et al. Effects of plyometric training on different 8-week training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33:200–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14257.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li F, Wang R, Newton RU, et al. Effects of complex training versus heavy resistance training on neuromuscular adaptation, running economy and 5-km performance in well-trained distance runners. PeerJ. 2019;7:1–21. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6787.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bertuzzi R, Pasqua L, Bueno S, et al. Strength-training with whole-body vibration in long-distance runners: a randomized trial. Int J Sports Med. 2013;34:917–23. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1333748.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

do Carmo EC, Barroso R, Gil S, et al. Can plyometric training change the pacing behaviour during 10-km running? Eur J Sport Sci. 2023;23:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.2013952.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrauti A, Bergermann M, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training on running performance and running economy in recreational marathon runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:2770–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d64e9c.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drevon D, Fursa SR, Malcolm AL. Intercoder reliability and validity of WebPlotDigitizer in extracting graphed data. Behav Modif. 2017;41:323–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516673998.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goswami B, Singha Roy A, Dalui R, et al. Impact of pubertal growth on physical fitness. Am J Sports Sci Med. 2014;2:34–9. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-2-5A-8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jones AM. Middle-and long-distance running. In: Davison R, Smith PM, Hopker J, Price MJ, Hettinga F, Tew G, Bottoms L, editors. Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines. Volume I. Sport testing. Abingdon: Routledge; 2006. p. 167–74.

Google Scholar 

Rusko H, Nummela A, Mero A. A new method for the evaluation of anaerobic running power in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;66:97–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01427048.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med. 2001;31:725–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55:129–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70043-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, et al. Reliability of the PEDro Scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83:713–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/83.8.713.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González-Mohíno F, Santos-Concejero J, Yustres I, et al. The effects of interval and continuous training on the oxygen cost of running in recreational runners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50:283–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01201-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction: GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:383–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt GH, et al. GRADE Guidelines: 19. Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences: risk of bias and indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.01.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Coello PA, Guyatt GH, et al. GRADE guidelines: 20. Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences: inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.05.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuijpers P, Weitz E, Cristea IA, et al. Pre-post effect sizes should be avoided in meta-analyses. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26:364–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000809.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1985.