Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, Larsson B, Dyhre-Poulsen P (1998) A new concept for isokinetic hamstring: quadriceps muscle strength ratio. Am J Sports Med 26(2):231–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021201

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abe T, Kumagai K, Brechue WF (2000) Fascicle length of leg muscles is greater in sprinters than distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(6):1125–1129. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200006000-00014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basar S, Duzgun I, Guzel NA, Cicioglu I, Celik B (2014) Differences in strength, flexibility and stability in freestyle and greco-roman wrestlers. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 27(3):321–330. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-130451

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beattie K, Kenny IC, Lyons M, Carson BP (2014) The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Med 44(6):845–865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behm DG, St-Pierre DM, Perez D (1996) Muscle inactivation: assessment of interpolated twitch technique. J Appl Physiol (1985) 81(5):2267–2273. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2267

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behm DG, Faigenbaum AD, Falk B, Klentrou P (2008) Canadian society for exercise physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33(3):547–561. https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Binzoni T, Bianchi S, Hanquinet S, Kaelin A, Sayegh Y, Dumont M, Jequier S (2001) Human gastrocnemius medialis pennation angle as a function of age: from newborn to the elderly. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 20(5):293–298. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.20.293

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blazevich AJ (2006) Effects of physical training and detraining, immobilisation, growth and aging on human fascicle geometry. Sports Med 36(12):1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636120-00002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blazevich AJ, Cannavan D, Coleman DR, Horne S (2007) Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 103(5):1565–1575. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00578.2007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blimkie CJ (1992) Resistance training during pre- and early puberty: efficacy, trainability, mechanisms, and persistence. Can J Sport Sci 17(4):264–279

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burke D (2002) Effects of activity on axonal excitability: implications for motor control studies. Adv Exp Med Biol 508:33–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0713-0_5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burkholder TJ (2001) Age does not influence muscle fiber length adaptation to increased excursion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 91(6):2466–2470. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2466

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butterfield TA, Herzog W (2006) The magnitude of muscle strain does not influence serial sarcomere number adaptations following eccentric exercise. Pflugers Arch 451(5):688–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-005-1503-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camic CL, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Zuniga JM, Hendrix CR, Mielke M, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Schmidt RJ (2010) Influences of body-size variables on age-related increases in isokinetic peak torque in young wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 24(9):2358–2365. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aff2a2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen D (1969) Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences. Academic Press, New York

Google Scholar 

Cohen R, Mitchell C, Dotan R, Gabriel D, Klentrou P, Falk B (2010) Do neuromuscular adaptations occur in endurance-trained boys and men? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 35(4):471–479. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-031

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Siati F, Laffaye G, Gatta G, Dello Iacono A, Ardigo LP, Padulo J (2016) Neuromuscular and technical abilities related to age in water-polo players. J Sports Sci 34(15):1466–1472. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1119298

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeJong Lempke AF, Willwerth SB, Hunt DL, Meehan WP 3rd, Whitney KE (2023) Adolescent marathon training: prospective evaluation of musculotendinous changes during a 6-month endurance running program. J Ultrasound Med 42(5):977–987. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.16105

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delextrat A, Gregory J, Cohen D (2010) The use of the functional H: Q ratio to assess fatigue in soccer. Int J Sports Med 31(3):192–197. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243642

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eriksson BO, Gollnick PD, Saltin B (1973) Muscle metabolism and enzyme activities after training in boys 11–13 years old. Acta Physiol Scand 87(4):485–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05415.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJ, Jeffreys I, Micheli LJ, Nitka M, Rowland TW (2009) Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 23(5 Suppl):S60-79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foehring RC, Sypert GW, Munson JB (1988) Relation of whole muscle contractile properties to source of innervation. Exp Neurol 101(3):366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(88)90048-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10(5):361–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00027-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herzog W, Guimaraes AC, Anton MG, Carter-Erdman KA (1991) Moment-length relations of rectus femoris muscles of speed skaters/cyclists and runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23(11):1289–1296

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hinks A, Franchi MV, Power GA (2022) The influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 133(1):87–103. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00114.2022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Hughes RA, Housh DJ, Hughes RJ, Fry AS, Kenney KB, Cisar CJ (1989) Isokinetic strength and body composition of high school wrestlers across age. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21(1):105–109. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198902000-00019

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karamanidis K, Arampatzis A (2006) Mechanical and morphological properties of human quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in relation to aging and running. J Biomech 39(3):406–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.12.017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kellis E, Katis A (2007) Quantification of functional knee flexor to extensor moment ratio using isokinetics and electromyography. J Athl Train 42(4):477–485

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kellis E, Mademli L, Patikas D, Kofotolis N (2014) Neuromuscular interactions around the knee in children, adults and elderly. World J Orthop 5(4):469–485. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v5.i4.469

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kellis E, Sahinis C, Baltzopoulos V (2023) Is hamstrings-to-quadriceps torque ratio useful for predicting anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring injuries? A systematic and critical review. J Sport Health Sci 12(3):343–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kluka V, Martin V, Vicencio SG, Jegu AG, Cardenoux C, Morio C, Coudeyre E, Ratel S (2015) Effect of muscle length on voluntary activation level in children and adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47(4):718–724. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000463

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koh TJ, Herzog W (1998) Excursion is important in regulating sarcomere number in the growing rabbit tibialis anterior. J Physiol 508(Pt 1):267–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.267br.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kunimasa Y, Sano K, Oda T, Nicol C, Komi PV, Ishikawa M (2022) Muscle-tendon architecture in Kenyans and Japanese: potential role of genetic endowment in the success of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Acta Physiol (oxf) 235(2):e13821. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13821

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kunimasa Y, Sano K, Nicol C, Barthelemy J, Ishikawa M (2023) Is the muscle-tendon architecture of non-athletic Kenyans different from that of Japanese and French males? J Physiol Anthropol 42(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00326-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lattier G, Millet GY, Maffiuletti NA, Babault N, Lepers R (2003) Neuromuscular differences between endurance-trained, power-trained, and sedentary subjects. J Strength Cond Res 17(3):514–521. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017%3c0514:ndbepa%3e2.0.co;2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McQuilliam SJ, Clark DR, Erskine RM, Brownlee TE (2020) Free-weight resistance training in youth athletes: a narrative review. Sports Med 50(9):1567–1580.