Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, Compton CC, Gershenwald JE, Brookland RK et al (2017) The eighth edition AJCC cancer staging manual: continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin 67(2):93–99

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK (1990) The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer 66(1):109–113

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah JP, Andersen PE (1994) The impact of patterns of nodal metastasis on modifications of neck dissection. Ann Surg Oncol 1(6):521–532

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE, Agrawal A, Smith RB, Nason R et al (2010) Sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1–T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol 28(8):1395–1400

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alkureishi LWT, Ross GL, Shoaib T, Soutar DS, Robertson AG, Thompson R et al (2010) Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck squamous cell cancer: 5-year follow-up of a European multicenter trial. Ann Surg Oncol 17(9):2459–2464

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MAW, Takes RP, Rovers MM (2013) Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 49(8):726–732

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pezier T, Nixon IJ, Gurney B, Schilling C, Hussain K, Lyons AJ et al (2012) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for T1/T2 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma—a prospective case series. Ann Surg Oncol 19(11):3528–3533

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Broglie MA, Haerle SK, Huber GF, Haile SR, Stoeckli SJ (2013) Occult metastases detected by sentinel node biopsy in patients with early oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: impact on survival. Head Neck 35(5):660–666

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sollamo EMJ, Ilmonen SK, Virolainen MS, Suominen SHH (2016) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cN0 squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: a retrospective study. Head Neck 38(Suppl 1):E1375-1380

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson CF, St John MA, Lawson G, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Mendelsohn AH (2013) Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 270(7):2115–2122

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schilling C, Stoeckli SJ, Haerle SK, Broglie MA, Huber GF, Sorensen JA et al (2015) Sentinel European node trial (SENT): 3-year results of sentinel node biopsy in oral cancer. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990 51(18):2777–2784

Google Scholar 

Ramamurthy R, Kottayasamy Seenivasagam R, Shanmugam S, Palanivelu K (2014) A prospective study on sentinel lymph node biopsy in early oral cancers using methylene blue dye alone. Indian J Surg Oncol 5(3):178–183

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Guidelines head and neck cancers (Version 1.2024). https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/head-and-neck.pdf. Accessed 27 Oct 2023

Somashekhar SP, Zaveri Shabber S, Udupa Venkatesh K, Venkatachala K, Parameshwaran, Vasan Thirumalai MM (2008) Sentinel lymphnode biopsy in early breast cancer using methylene blue dye and radioactive sulphur colloid—a single institution Indian experience. Indian J Surg 70(3):111–119

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mathelin C, Croce S, Brasse D, Gairard B, Gharbi M, Andriamisandratsoa N et al (2009) Methylene blue dye, an accurate dye for sentinel lymph node identification in early breast cancer. Anticancer Res 29(10):4119–4125

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varghese P, Abdel-Rahman AT, Akberali S, Mostafa A, Gattuso JM, Carpenter R (2008) Methylene blue dye–a safe and effective alternative for sentinel lymph node localization. Breast J 14(1):61–67

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Report of the Hospital Based Cancer Registries (2021) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 12]. https://ncdirindia.org/All_Reports/HBCR_2021/

DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology [Internet]. [Cited 2023 Nov 12]. Available from: https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/know/cancer-principles-and-practice-of-oncology

Chhetri DK, Rawnsley JD, Calcaterra TC (2000) Carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 123(5):566–571

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Extent of lymph node dissection in T3/T4 cancer of the alveolo‐buccal complex | Semantic Scholar [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 12]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extent-of-lymph-node-dissection-in-T3-T4-cancer-of-Rao-Deshmane/393e103d01826230a2eb062ce19952e29f8a308f

Lim YC, Song MH, Kim SC, Kim KM, Choi EC (2004) Preserving level IIb lymph nodes in elective supraomohyoid neck dissection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130(9):1088–1091

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah JP, Andersen PE (1995) Evolving role of modifications in neck dissection for oral squamous carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 33(1):3–8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van den Brekel MW, van der Waal I, Meijer CJ, Freeman JL, Castelijns JA, Snow GB (1996) The incidence of micrometastases in neck dissection specimens obtained from elective neck dissections. Laryngoscope 106(8):987–991

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vaish R, Gupta S, D’Cruz AK (2015) Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in oral cancer. N Engl J Med 373(25):2477

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding Z, Xiao T, Huang J, Yuan Y, Ye Q, Xuan M et al (2019) Elective neck dissection versus observation in squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity with clinically N0 neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 77(1):184–194

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuntz AL, Weymuller EA (1999) Impact of neck dissection on quality of life. Laryngoscope 109(8):1334–1338

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Payakachat N, Ounpraseuth S, Suen JY (2013) Late complications and long-term quality of life for survivors (>5 years) with history of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 35(6):819–825

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garrel R, Makeieff M, Alovisetti C, Costes V, Comte F, Crampette L et al. Sentinel lymph nodes in oropharyngeal and oral carcinomas. In 2005 [cited 2023 Nov 12]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Sentinel-lymph-nodes-in-oropharyngeal-and-oral-Garrel-Makeieff/3fa9f973cd1c3fdb14ebf234d3be5deb0f522dfb

Stoeckli SJ, Pfaltz M, Ross GL, Steinert HC, MacDonald DG, Wittekind C et al (2005) The second international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 12(11):919–924

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alkureishi LWT, Ross GL, MacDonald DG, Shoaib T, Gray H, Robertson G et al (2007) Sentinel node in head and neck cancer: use of size criterion to upstage the no neck in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 29(2):95–103

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calabrese L, Bruschini R, Ansarin M, Giugliano G, De Cicco C, Ionna F, Paganelli G, Maffini F, Werner JA, Soutar D (2006) Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 26(6):345–349

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vishnoi JR, Kumar V, Gupta S, Chaturvedi A, Misra S, Akhtar N et al (2019) Outcome of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with methylene blue dye alone: a prospective validation study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57(8):755–759

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shivakumar K, Vipin G, Suraj M, Rajaram BV, Rakesh R, Anuradha A et al (2016) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in N0 neck for squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity: a prospective study. Indian J Surg Oncol 7(4):375–379

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rakheja M, Radhakrishnan R, Solomon M (2014) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma—ensuing from elective to selective. J Res Med Dent Sci 1(2):5

Article  Google Scholar 

Chone CT, Aniteli MB, Magalhães RS, Freitas LL, Altemani A, Ramos CD et al (2013) Impact of immunohistochemistry in sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 270(1):313–317

Article  Google Scholar 

List of Nuclear Medicine Facilities Licensed by AERB. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. Government of India. https://www.aerb.gov.in/english/nuclear-medicine

Blessing WD, Stolier AJ, Teng SC, Bolton JS, Fuhrman GM (2002) A comparison of methylene blue and lymphazurin in breast cancer sentinel node mapping. Am J Surg 184(4):341–345

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simmons RM, Smith SM, Osborne MP (2001) Methylene blue dye as an alternative to isosulfan blue dye for sentinel lymph node localization. Breast J 7(3):181–183

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eldrageely K, Vargas MP, Khalkhali I, Venegas R, Burla M, Gonzalez KD, Vargas HI (2004) Sentinel lymph node mapping of breast cancer: a case-control study of methylene blue tracer compared to isosulfan blue. Am Surg 70(10):872–875

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shoaib T, Soutar DS, Prosser JE, Dunaway DJ, Gray HW, McCurrach GM et al (1999) A suggested method for sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 21(8):728–733

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh S, Gaud U, Shukla R, Shukla M, Kumar M, Pandey M et al (2011) Sentinel lymph node biopsy using blue dye technique in carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. World J Surg Med Radiat Oncol 1(1):1–8

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ross GL, Shoaib T, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, Camilleri IG, Bessent RG et al (2002) The first international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck