Gut-brain axis

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy

Vagus nerve

Neuroendocrine

Neuroimmune

adrenocorticotropic hormone

arylhydrocarbon receptor

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome

central nervous system

corticotropin-releasing hormone

damage-associated molecular patterns

enterochromaffin cells

fecal microbiota transplantation

nuclear farnesoid X receptors

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

G protein-coupled BA receptor 1

high mobility group box 1

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

intestinal epithelial cells

insulin-like growth factor 1

inducible nitric oxide synthase

lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1

microbial-associated molecular patterns

matrix metalloproteinase 12

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain

nuclear factor erythroid factor 2

nucleus tractus solitaris

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

postsynaptic density-95

reactive oxygen species

sepsis-associated encephalopathy

short-chain fatty acids

subdiaphragmatic vagotomy

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta

vascular endothelial growth factor

γ-aminobutyric acid