Urbanoski K, Cheng J, Rehm J, Kurdyak P. Frequent use of emergency departments for mental and substance use disorders. Emerg Med J. 2018;35(4):220–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavergne MR, Shirmaleki M, Loyal JP, Jones W, Nicholls TL, Schutz CG, et al. Emergency department use for mental and substance use disorders: descriptive analysis of population-based, linked administrative data in British Columbia, Canada. BMJ Open. 2022;12(1):e057072.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suen LW, Makam AN, Snyder HR, Repplinger D, Kushel MB, Martin M, et al. National prevalence of alcohol and other substance use disorders among emergency department visits and hospitalizations: NHAMCS 2014–2018. J Gen Intern Med. 2022:37(10):2420–8.

White AM, Slater ME, Ng G, Hingson R, Breslow R. Trends in alcohol-related emergency department visits in the United States: results from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2006 to 2014. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(2):352–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterson C, Li M, Xu L, Mikosz CA, Luo F. Assessment of annual cost of substance use disorder in US hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e210242.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Working Group. Canadian substance use costs and harms 2007–2020. Prepared by the Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research and the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. 2023.

Google Scholar 

Myran DT, Hsu AT, Smith G, Tanuseputro P. Rates of emergency department visits attributable to alcohol use in Ontario from 2003 to 2016: a retrospective population-level study. CMAJ. 2019;191(29):E804–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moe J, Camargo CA, Jelinski S, Erdelyi S, Brubacher J, Rowe BH. Epidemiologic trends in substance and opioid misuse-related emergency department visits in Alberta: a cross-sectional time-series analysis. Can J Public Health. 2018;109(2):164–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Canadian Centre for Substance Use and Addiction. Changes in stimulant use and related harms: Focus on Methamphetamine and Cocaine (CCENDU Bulletin). 2019.

Google Scholar 

Otterstatter MC, Crabtree A, Dobrer S, Kinniburgh B, Klar S, Leamon A, et al. Patterns of health care utilization among people who overdosed from illegal drugs: a descriptive analysis using the BC Provincial Overdose Cohort. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2018;38(9):328–33.

Hawk K, D’Onofrio G. Emergency department screening and interventions for substance use disorders. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018;13(1):1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

American College of Emergency Physicians. Alcohol screening in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46(2):214–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Koh JJ, Klaiman M, Miles I, Cook J, Kumar T, Sheikh H, et al. CAEP position statement: emergency department management of people with opioid use disorder. CJEM. 2020;22(6):768–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Cited 2021-2023. Available at: www.covidence.org.

Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cherpitel C. Screening for alcohol problems: a comparison of instrument performance among black emergency department and primary care patients. J Subst Use. 2001b;5(4):290–7.

Cherpitel CJ. A brief screening instrument for problem drinking in the emergency room: the RAPS4. Rapid alcohol problems screen. J Stud Alcohol. 2000b;61(3):447–9.

Cherpitel CJ, Borges G. Performance of screening instruments for alcohol problems in the ER: a comparison of Mexican-Americans and Mexicans in Mexico. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2000a;26(4):683–702.

Cherpitel CJ, Borges G. Screening instruments for alcohol problems: a comparison of cut points between Mexican American and Mexican patients in the emergency room. Subst Use Misuse. 2000c;35(10):1419–30.

Cherpitel CJ, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME. Screening for alcohol problems: A comparison of instrument performance between the ER and the general population among Mexican Americans in the US and Mexicans in Mexico. Addict Res Theory. 2001a;9(1):59–72.

Bastiaens L, Riccardi K, Sakhrani D. The RAFFT as a screening tool for adult substance use disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28(4):681–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beaudoin FL, Merchant RC, Clark MA. Prevalence and detection of prescription opioid misuse and prescription opioid use disorder among emergency department patients 50 years of age and older: performance of the prescription drug use questionnaire, patient version. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(8):627–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borges G, Cherpitel CJ. Selection of screening items for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence among Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the emergency department. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(3):277–85.

Brousse G, Arnaud B, Geneste J, Pereira B, De Chazeron I, Teissedre F, et al. How CAGE, RAPS4-QF, and AUDIT Can Help Practitioners for Patients Admitted with Acute Alcohol Intoxication in Emergency Departments? Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:72. 

Canagasaby A, Vinson DC. Screening for hazardous or harmful drinking using one or two quantity–frequency questions. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005;40(3):208–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalmers CE, Mullinax S, Brennan J, Vilke GM, Oliveto AH, Wilson MP. Screening tools validated in the outpatient pain management setting poorly predict opioid misuse in the emergency department: a pilot study. J Emerg Med. 2019;56(6):601–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cherpitel CJ, Bazargan S. Screening for alcohol problems: comparison of the audit, RAPS4 and RAPS4-QF among African American and Hispanic patients in an inner city emergency department. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;71(3):275–80.

Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Moskalewicz J, Swiatkiewicz G. Screening for alcohol problems in two emergency service samples in Poland: comparison of the RAPS4, CAGE and AUDIT. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80(2):201–7.

Cremonte M, Ledesma RD, Cherpitel CJ, Borges G. Psychometric properties of alcohol screening tests in the emergency department in Argentina, Mexico and the United States. Addict Behav. 2010;35(9):818–25.

Cremonte M, Cherpitel CJ. Performance of screening instruments for alcohol use disorders in emergency department patients in Argentina. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(1):125–38.

Friedmann PD, Saitz R, Gogineni A, Zhang JX, Stein MD. Validation of the screening strategy in the NIAAA" Physicians’ guide to helping patients with alcohol problems". J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(2):234–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galicia M, Nogué S, Miró Ò. MARRIED-cocaine score: validating a tool for detecting the risk of ED revisit in cocaine users. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(3):218–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geneste J, Pereira B, Arnaud B, Christol N, Liotier J, Blanc O, et al. CAGE, RAPS4, RAPS4-QF and AUDIT screening tests for men and women admitted for acute alcohol intoxication to an emergency department: are standard thresholds appropriate? Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2012;47(3):273–81.

Giguère C-É, Potvin S, Consortium S. The Drug Abuse Screening Test preserves its excellent psychometric properties in psychiatric patients evaluated in an emergency setting. Addict Behav. 2017;64:165–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly TM, Donovan JE, Chung T, Cook RL, Delbridge TR. Alcohol use disorders among emergency department-treated older adolescents: a new brief screen (RUFT-Cut) using the AUDIT, CAGE, CRAFFT, and RAPS-QF. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(5):746–53.

Kelly TM, Donovan JE, Chung T, Bukstein OG, Cornelius JR. Brief screens for detecting alcohol use disorder among 18–20 year old young adults in emergency departments: Comparing AUDIT-C, CRAFFT, RAPS4-QF, FAST, RUFT-Cut, and DSM-IV 2-Item Scale. Addict Behav. 2009;34(8):668–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee J, Min S, Ahn JS, Kim H, Cha YS, Oh E, et al. Identifying alcohol problems among suicide attempters visiting the emergency department. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):350.

Meneses-Gaya C, Zuardi AW, Loureiro SR, Hallak JEC, Trzesniak C, de Azevedo Marques JM, et al. Is the full version of the AUDIT really necessary? Study of the validity and internal construct of its abbreviated versions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010a;34(8):1417–24.

Meneses-Gaya C, Crippa JAS, Zuardi AW, Loureiro SR, Hallak JEC, Trzesniak C, et al. The fast alcohol screening test (FAST) is as good as the AUDIT to screen alcohol use disorders. Subst Use Misuse. 2010b;45(10):1542–57.

Neumann T, Neuner B, Gentilello LM, Weiss-Gerlach E, Mentz H, Rettig JS, et al. Gender differences in the performance of a computerized version of the alcohol use disorders identification test in subcritically injured patients who are admitted to the emergency department. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(11):1693–701.

Neumann T, Gentilello LM, Neuner B, Weiss-Gerlach E, Schürmann H, Schröder T, et al. Screening trauma patients with the alcohol use disorders identification test and biomarkers of alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(6):970–6.

Sattler AF, Bentley JP, Young J. Validation of a brief screening instrument for adult psychopathology. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2019;50:315–22.

Seale JP, Johnson JA, Cline N, Buchanan C, Kiker C, Cochran L. Drug screening and changing marijuana policy: Validation of new single question drug screening tools. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;193:104–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh SM, Bhalla A, Giri OP, Sarkar S. Development of Screening Questionnaire for Detection of Alcohol Dependence. J Clin Diagn Res JCDR. 2015;9(9):VC07–10.

Van Der Westhuizen C, Wyatt G, Williams JK, Stein DJ, Sorsdahl K. Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test in a low-and middle-income country cross-sectional emergency centre study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35(6):702–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vinson DC, Kruse RL, Seale JP. Simplifying Alcohol Assessment: Two Questions to Identify Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(8):1392–8.

Williams R, Vinson DC. Validation of a single screening question for problem drinking. J Fam Pract. 2001;50(4):307–12.

Wilson MP, Cucciare MA, Porter A, Chalmers CE, Mullinax S, Mancino M, et al. The utility of a statewide prescription drug-monitoring database vs the Current Opioid Misuse Measure for identifying drug-aberrant behaviors in emergency department patients already on opioids. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(3):503–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chervoni-Knapp T. The staffing shortage pandemic. J Radiol Nurs. 2022;41(2):74–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelen GD, Wolfe R, D’Onofrio G, Mills AM, Diercks D, Stern SA, et al. Emergency department crowding: the canary in the health care system. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2021;2(5). Available at: https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.21.0217.

Duong D, Vogel L. Overworked health workers are “past the point of exhaustion.” Can Med Assoc J. 2023;195(8):E309–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Emergency department-based brief interventions for individuals with substance- related problems: a review of effectiveness. EMCDDA Papers: Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg; 2016.

Barata IA, Shandro JR, Montgomery M, Polansky R, Sachs CJ, Duber HC, et al. Effectiveness of SBIRT for alcohol use disorders in the emergency department: a systematic review. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(6):1143–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murphy CE 4th, Coralic Z, Wang RC, Montoy JCC, Ramirez B, Raven MC. Extended-release naltrexone and case management for treatment of alcohol use disorder in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2023;81(4):440–9.

D’Onofrio G, O’Connor PG, Pantalon MV, Chawarski MC, Busch SH, Owens PH, et al. Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas CP, Stewart MT, Tschampl C, Sennaar K, Schwartz D, Dey J. Emergency department interventions for opioid use disorder: A synthesis of emerging models. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;141:108837.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar