Cancer is a complex and diverse group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and division. These abnormal cells can form tumors, invade neighboring tissues, and metastasize to other body regions via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. There are numerous cancer varieties, each with unique characteristics, risk factors, and treatment strategies [45].

Interleukins are an essential group of signaling proteins that play a fundamental function in the regulation and response of the immune system. They are a subset of cytokines, which are small, secreted proteins that facilitate cell-to-cell communication and other physiological processes in the immune system. Interleukins are produced by diverse immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and they mediate diverse cellular activities in immune and nonimmune cells[117].

Interleukins are relevant to cancer research due to their intricate role in tumor development, progression, and the body's immune response to cancer cells. Depending on the specific variety of Interleukin and the cellular environment in which they act, these molecules can have either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects[133]. Due to their dual function in affecting tumor growth and modulating the immune system's response to cancer cells, Interleukins have been extensively studied in the context of cancer. Some Interleukins, including Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-8 (IL-8), have pro-inflammatory properties and can stimulate tumor growth and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels to supply tumors). They may also contribute to the recruitment of immune cells, thereby fostering an immunosuppressive environment that shields cancer cells from immune attack [162].

Interleukins such as Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Interleukin-15 (IL-15) have potent anti-tumor properties. These Interleukins can stimulate immune cells such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, thereby enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Some Interleukins have been investigated as potential components in cancer immunotherapies, which seek to strengthen the body's immune system to combat cancer due to their ability to stimulate immune responses against cancer[16]. Interleukins are also investigated as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. Changes in Interleukin concentrations in the blood or tumor tissue can shed light on the immune status and inflammatory processes associated with cancer. Monitoring Interleukin profiles may aid in developing individualized treatment plans and predicting patient outcomes[52]. Understanding the complex interplay between Interleukins, the tumor microenvironment, and the immune system has advanced significantly in cancer research. This knowledge has led to the development of promising cancer treatments, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, and Interleukin-based treatments[8].

Interleukins play a crucial role in cancer research due to their essential function in immune regulation and their effect on the development and progression of tumors. Their dynamic effects in promoting or inhibiting tumor growth and modulating the immune system make them desirable targets for potential cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. As cancer research advances, a greater understanding of Interleukin biology will likely result in more effective and individualized cancer treatment and immunotherapy strategies [50].