WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Haematolymphoid tumours. [Internet; beta version ahead of print]. WHO classification of tumours series. 5th ed., vol. 11. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022. https://tumourclassification.iarc.who.int/chapters/63.

Matsue K, Asada N, Takeuchi M, Yamakura M, Kimura S, Odawara J, et al. A clinicopathological study of 13 cases of intravascular lymphoma: experience in a single institution over a 9-yr period. Eur J Haematol. 2008;80:236–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Askarian F, Xu D. Adrenal enlargement and insufficiency: a common presentation of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:411–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szuba A, Koba M, Rzeszutko M, Rzeszutko W, Dziegiel P, Loboda A, et al. Cutaneous angiogenesis in patient with intravascular lymphoma (IVL): a case report. Dermatol Online J. 2010;16:2.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lui PC, Wong GK, Poon WS, Tse GM. Intravascular lymphomatosis. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:468–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kraus MD, Johns D, Bartlett NL. Intravascular lymphoma associated with endocrine dysfunction: a report of four cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med. 1999;107:169–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takamura K, Nasuhara Y, Misihina T, Matsuda T, Nishimura M, Kawakami Y, et al. Intravascular lymphomatosis diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:955–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng FY, Tsui WM, Yeung WT, Ip LS, Ng CS. Intravascular lymphomatosis: a case presenting with encephalomyelitis and reactive haemophagocytic syndrome diagnosed by renal biopsy. Histopathology. 1997;31:552–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kameoka Y, Takahashi N, Komatsuda A, Tagawa H, Hamai K, Hirokawa M, et al. Kidney-limited intravascular large B cell lymphoma: a distinct variant of IVLBCL? Int J Hematol. 2009;89:533–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hashimoto H, Naritomi H, Kazui S, Yamamoto H, Kinugawa H, Miyashita K, et al. Presymptomatic brain lesions on MRI in a patient with intravascular malignant lymphomatosis. J Neuroimaging. 1998;8:110–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asada N, Odawara J, Kimura S, Aoki T, Yamakura M, Takeuchi M, et al. Use of random skin biopsy for diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:1525–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ponzoni M, Campo E, Nakamura S. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: a chameleon with multiple faces and many masks. Blood. 2018;132:1561–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Le EN, Gerstenblith MR, Gelber AC, Manno RL, Ranasinghe PD, Sweren RJ, et al. The use of blind skin biopsy in the diagnosis of intravascular B-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:148–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsue K, Abe Y, Kitadate A, Miura D, Narita K, Kobayashi H, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of incisional random skin biopsy for diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2019;133:1257–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shimada K, Kiyoi H. Current progress and future perspectives of research on intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci. 2021;112:3953–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matsue K, Abe Y, Narita K, Kobayashi H, Kitadate A, Takeuchi M, et al. Diagnosis of intravascular large B cell lymphoma: novel insights into clinicopathological features from 42 patients at a single institution over 20 years. Br J Haematol. 2019;187:328–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murase T, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki R, Okamoto M, Sato Y, Tamaru J, et al. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL): a clinicopathologic study of 96 cases with special reference to the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of CD5. Blood. 2007;109:478–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimada K, Yamaguchi M, Atsuta Y, Matsue K, Sato K, Kusumoto S, et al. Rituximab cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone combined with high-dose methotrexate plus intrathecal chemotherapy for newly diagnosed intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (PRIMEUR-IVL): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:593–602.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimada K, Matsue K, Yamamoto K, Murase T, Ichikawa N, Okamoto M, et al. Retrospective analysis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy as reported by the IVL study group in Japan. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3189–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJ, Dognini GP, Bairey O, Szomor M, Montalbán C, Horvath B, et al. The addition of rituximab to anthracycline-based chemotherapy significantly improves outcome in ‘Western’ patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2008;143:253–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJ, Campo E, Seymour JF, Willemze R, Ilariucci F, Ambrosetti A, et al. Intravascular lymphoma: clinical presentation, natural history, management and prognostic factors in a series of 38 cases, with special emphasis on the ‘cutaneous variant.’ Br J Haematol. 2004;127:173–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Campo E, Facchetti F, Mazzucchelli L, Yoshino T, et al. Definition, diagnosis, and management of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: proposals and perspectives from an International Consensus Meeting. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3168–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demirer T, Dali DH, Aboulafia DM. Four varied cases of intravascular lymphomatosis and a literature review. Cancer. 1994;73:1738–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiyohara T, Kumakiri M, Kobayashi H, Shimizu T, Ohkawara A, Ohnuki M. A case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma mimicking erythema nodosum: the importance of multiple skin biopsies. J Cutan Pathol. 2000;27:413–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erös N, Károlyi Z, Kovács A, Takács I, Radványi G, Kelényi G. Intravascular B-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:260–2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Le K, Lim A, Bullpitt P, Wood G. Intravascular B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by skin biopsy. Australas J Dermatol. 2005;46:261–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnett CR, Seo S, Husain S, Grossman ME. Intravascular B-cell lymphoma: the role of skin biopsy. Am J Dermatopathol. 2008;30:295–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gill S, Melosky B, Haley L, Chan YC. Use of random skin biopsy to diagnose intravascular lymphoma presenting as fever of unknown origin. Am J Med. 2003;114:56–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pongpudounth M, Rattanakaemakorn P, Fleischer AB Jr. Usefulness of random skin biopsy as a diagnostic tool of intravascular lymphoma presenting with fever of unknown origin. Am J Dermatopathol. 2015;37:686–90.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kasuya A, Hashizume H, Takigawa M. Early diagnosis of recurrent diffuse large B-cell lymphoma showing intravascular lymphoma by random skin biopsy. J Dermatol. 2011;38:571–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deschamps L, Signate A, Delaunay C, Morales I, Warter A, Smadja D, et al. A blind skin biopsy diagnosing an intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Dermatol. 2011;21:114–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mastue K, Abe Y, Narita K, Kobayashi H, Kitadate A, Miura D, et al. Bone marrow infiltration pattern in patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by random skin biopsy. EJHaem. 2020;1:281–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Maekawa T, Komine M, Murata S, Fukushima N, Ohtsuki M. Random skin biopsy of patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma associated with thrombocytopenia and coagulation abnormalities: proposal of modified biopsy method. J Dermatol. 2015;42:318–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SR, Ko CJ, Nelson CA, Ramachandran S, Gehlhausen JR. Random skin biopsies for diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: retrospective analysis of 31 biopsies from a US dermatology inpatient consultative service with literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88:714–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enzan N, Kitadate A, Tanaka A, Matsue K. Incisional random skin biopsy, not punch biopsy, is an appropriate method for diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 25 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181:200–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enzan N, Kitadate A, Kono M. Comment on skin biopsies for diagnosing intravascular lymphoma: a retrospective study of diagnostic accuracy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88:47–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Enzan N, Kitadate A, Suzuki H, Yoshioka M, Narita K, Tanaka A, et al. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by incisional random skin biopsy after failure of diagnosis using punch biopsy: a case report. J Cutan Pathol. 2021;48:589–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cho HG, Sheu SL, Kuo KY, Ally MS, Bailey EE, Kim J, et al. Limited role of random skin biopsy in the diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma in adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Haematol. 2017;138:33–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rozenbaum D, Tung J, Xue Y, Hoang MP, Kroshinsky D. Skin biopsy in the diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study. J Am Acad Dermatol