Villano JL, Koshy M, Shaikh H, Dolecek TA, McCarthy BJ (2011) Age, gender, and racial differences in incidence and survival in primary CNS lymphoma. Br J Cancer 105:1414–1418. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.357

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Vecchione-Koval T, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2017) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010–2014. Neuro-oncology 19. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox158

Mendez JS, Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Kruchko C, DeAngelis LM, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Grommes C (2018) The elderly left behind-changes in survival trends of primary central nervous system lymphoma over the past 4 decades. Neuro Oncol 20:687–694. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox187

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Besson C, Clarke CA, Morton LM, Nogueira L, Pawlish K, Yanik EL, Suneja G, Engels EA (2016) Trends in primary central nervous system lymphoma incidence and survival in the U.S. Br J Haematol 174:417–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14073

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Radke J, Ishaque N, Koll R, Gu Z, Schumann E, Sieverling L, Uhrig S, Hübschmann D, Toprak UH, López C, Hostench XP, Borgoni S, Juraeva D, Pritsch F, Paramasivam N, Balasubramanian GP, Schlesner M, Sahay S, Weniger M, Pehl D, Radbruch H, Osterloh A, Korfel A, Misch M, Onken J, Faust K, Vajkoczy P, Moskopp D, Wang Y, Jödicke A, Trümper L, Anagnostopoulos I, Lenze D, Küppers R, Hummel M, Schmitt CA, Wiestler OD, Wolf S, Unterberg A, Eils R, Herold-Mende C, Brors B, Siebert R, Wiemann S, Heppner FL (2022) The genomic and transcriptional landscape of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Nat Commun 13:2558. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30050-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grommes C, DeAngelis LM (2017) Primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 35:2410–2418. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.72.7602

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Houillier C, Soussain C, Ghesquières H, Soubeyran P, Chinot O, Taillandier L, Lamy T, Choquet S, Ahle G, Damaj G, Agapé P, Moluçon-Chabrot C, Amiel A, Delwail V, Fabbro M, Jardin F, Chauchet A, Moles-Moreau M-P, Morschhauser F, Casasnovas O, Gressin R, Fornecker L-M, Abraham J, Marolleau J-P, Tempescul A, Campello C, Colin P, Tamburini J, Laribi K, Serrier C, Haioun C, Chebrek S, Schmitt A, Blonski M, Houot R, Boyle E, Bay J-O, Oberic L, Tabouret E, Waultier A, Martin-Duverneuil N, Touitou V, Cassoux N, Kas A, Mokhtari K, Charlotte F, Alentorn A, Feuvret L, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Costopoulos M, Mathon B, Peyre M, Delgadillo D, Douzane H, Genet D, Aidaoui B, Hoang-Xuan K, Gyan E (2020) Management and outcome of primary CNS lymphoma in the modern era: an LOC network study. Neurology 94:e1027–e1039. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008900

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Houillier C, Dureau S, Taillandier L, Houot R, Chinot O, Moluçon-Chabrot C, Schmitt A, Gressin R, Choquet S, Damaj G, Peyrade F, Abraham J, Delwail V, Gyan E, Sanhes L, Cornillon J, Garidi R, Delmer A, Al Jijakli A, Morel P, Waultier A, Paillassa J, Chauchet A, Gastinne T, Laadhari M, Plissonnier A-S, Feuvret L, Cassoux N, Touitou V, Ricard D, Hoang-Xuan K, Soussain C (2022) Radiotherapy or autologous stem-cell transplantation for primary CNS lymphoma in patients age 60 years and younger: long-term results of the randomized phase II PRECIS study. J Clin Oncol 40:3692–3698. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00491

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJM, Cwynarski K, Pulczynski E, Fox CP, Schorb E, La Rosée P, Binder M, Fabbri A, Torri V, Minacapelli E, Falautano M, Ilariucci F, Ambrosetti A, Roth A, Hemmaway C, Johnson P, Linton KM, Pukrop T, Sønderskov Gørløv J, Balzarotti M, Hess G, Keller U, Stilgenbauer S, Panse J, Tucci A, Orsucci L, Pisani F, Levis A, Krause SW, Schmoll HJ, Hertenstein B, Rummel M, Smith J, Pfreundschuh M, Cabras G, Angrilli F, Ponzoni M, Deckert M, Politi LS, Finke J, Reni M, Cavalli F, Zucca E, Illerhaus G (2017) Whole-brain radiotherapy or autologous stem-cell transplantation as consolidation strategies after high-dose methotrexate-based chemoimmunotherapy in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the second randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 4:e510–e523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30174-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeAngelis LM, Seiferheld W, Schold SC, Fisher B, Schultz CJ (2002) Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93–10. J Clin Oncol 20:4643–4648

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poortmans PMP, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Haaxma-Reiche H, Van’t Veer M, Hansen M, Soubeyran P, Taphoorn M, Thomas J, Van den Bent M, Fickers M, Van Imhoff G, Rozewicz C, Teodorovic I, van Glabbeke M (2003) High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by consolidating radiotherapy in non-AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma: European organization for research and treatment of cancer lymphoma group phase II trial 20962. J Clin Oncol 21:4483–4488

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan X-G, Huang Y-R, Yu T, Xu Y, Liang Y, Zhang X-H, Sun C-R, Zhao X-Y (2019) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in China: a single-center retrospective analysis of 167 cases. Ann Hematol 99:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-019-03821-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJM, Blay J-Y, Reni M, Pasini F, Spina M, Ambrosetti A, Calderoni A, Rossi A, Vavassori V, Conconi A, Devizzi L, Berger F, Ponzoni M, Borisch B, Tinguely M, Cerati M, Milani M, Orvieto E, Sanchez J, Chevreau C, Dell’Oro S, Zucca E, Cavalli F (2003) Prognostic scoring system for primary CNS lymphomas: the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience. J Clin Oncol 21:266–272

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abrey LE, Ben-Porat L, Panageas KS, Yahalom J, Berkey B, Curran W, Schultz C, Leibel S, Nelson D, Mehta M, DeAngelis LM (2006) Primary central nervous system lymphoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model. J Clin Oncol 24:5711–5715

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wieduwilt MJ, Valles F, Issa S, Behler CM, Hwang J, McDermott M, Treseler P, O’Brien J, Shuman MA, Cha S, Damon LE, Rubenstein JL (2012) Immunochemotherapy with intensive consolidation for primary CNS lymphoma: a pilot study and prognostic assessment by diffusion-weighted MRI. Clin Cancer Res 18:1146–1155. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0625

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schorb E, Kasenda B, Atta J, Kaun S, Morgner A, Hess G, Elter T, von Bubnoff N, Dreyling M, Ringhoffer M, Krause SW, Derigs G, Klimm B, Niemann D, Fritsch K, Finke J, Illerhaus G (2013) Prognosis of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma after high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 98:765–770. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.076075

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niazi MKK, Keluo Y, Zynger DL, Clinton SK, Chen J, Koyuturk M, LaFramboise T, Gurcan M (2017) Visually meaningful histopathological features for automatic grading of prostate cancer. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 21:1027–1038. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2016.2565515

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin L, Shi F, Chun Q, Chen H, Ma Y, Wu S, Hameed NUF, Mei C, Lu J, Zhang J, Aibaidula A, Shen D, Wu J (2021) Artificial intelligence neuropathologist for glioma classification using deep learning on hematoxylin and eosin stained slide images and molecular markers. Neuro Oncol 23:44–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa163

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steiner DF, MacDonald R, Liu Y, Truszkowski P, Hipp JD, Gammage C, Thng F, Peng L, Stumpe MC (2018) Impact of deep learning assistance on the histopathologic review of lymph nodes for metastatic breast cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 42:1636–1646. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001151

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takashima Y, Hamano M, Yoshii K, Hayano A, Fukai J, Iwadate Y, Kajiwara K, Hondoh H, Yamanaka R (2023) Reciprocal expression of the immune response genes CXCR3 and IFI44L as module hubs are associated with patient survivals in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Int J Clin Oncol 28:468–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-022-02285-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takashima Y, Kawaguchi A, Fukai J, Iwadate Y, Kajiwara K, Hondoh H, Yamanaka R (2021) Survival prediction based on the gene expression associated with cancer morphology and microenvironment in primary central nervous system lymphoma. PLoS ONE 16:e0251272. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251272

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu KH, Zhang C, Berry GJ, Altman RB, Re C, Rubin DL, Snyder M (2016) Predicting non-small cell lung cancer prognosis by fully automated microscopic pathology image features. Nat Commun 7:12474. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12474

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen D, Fu M, Chi L, Lin L, Cheng J, Xue W, Long C, Jiang W, Dong X, Sui J, Lin D, Lu J, Zhuo S, Liu S, Li G, Chen G, Yan J (2022) Prognostic and predictive value of a pathomics signature in gastric cancer. Nat Commun 13:6903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34703-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chunduru P, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM (2022) Prognostic risk stratification of gliomas using deep learning in digital pathology images. Neurooncol Adv 4:vdac111. https://doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdac111

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang R, Dai W, Gong J, Huang M, Hu T, Li H, Lin K, Tan C, Hu H, Tong T, Cai G (2022) Development of a novel combined nomogram model integrating deep learning-pathomics, radiomics and immunoscore to predict postoperative outcome of colorectal cancer lung metastasis patients. J Hematol Oncol 15:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01225-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abrey LE, Batchelor TT, Ferreri AJM, Gospodarowicz M, Pulczynski EJ, Zucca E, Smith JR, Korfel A, Soussain C, DeAngelis LM, Neuwelt EA, O’Neill BP, Thiel E, Shenkier T, Graus F, van den Bent M, Seymour JF, Poortmans P, Armitage JO, Cavalli F (2005) Report of an international workshop to standardize baseline evaluation and response criteria for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23:5034–5043

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vahadane A, Peng T, Sethi A, Albarqouni S, Wang L, Baust M, Steiger K, Schlitter AM, Esposito I, Navab N (2016) Structure-Preserving color normalization and sparse stain separation for histological images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 35:1962–1971. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2016.2529665

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carpenter AE, Jones TR, Lamprecht MR, Clarke C, Kang IH, Friman O, Guertin DA, Chang JH, Lindquist RA, Moffat J, Golland P, Sabatini DM (2006) Cell Profiler: image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes. Genome Biol 7:R100

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar