Fuhrmann D, Knoll LJ, Blakemore SJ (2015) Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development. Trends Cogn Sci 19(10):558–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridley M, Rao G, Schilbach F, Patel V (2020) Poverty, depression, and anxiety: causal evidence and mechanisms. Science 370(6522). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0214

Polderman TJ, Benyamin B, de Leeuw CA, Sullivan PF, van Bochoven A, Visscher PM, Posthuma D (2015) Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nat Genet 47(7):702–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3285

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gotlib IH, Colich NL (2014) Children of parents with depression. In: Handbook of depression, 3rd ed. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200301000-00022

Faber JW, Rich PM (2018) Financially overextended: college attendance as a contributor to foreclosures during the great recession. Demography 55(5):1727–1748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0702-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hurd MD, Rohwedder S (2010) Effects of the financial crisis and Great Recession on American Households. NBER Working Paper Series 16407

Mian A, Sufi A, Trebbi F (2015) Foreclosures, house prices, and the real economy. J Financ 70(6):2587–2634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12310

Article  Google Scholar 

Kang S (2021) The cumulative relationship between housing instability and mental health: findings from the panel study of income dynamics. J Soc Distress Homeless, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2021.1925038

Hempel K, Wuermli A, Lundberg M (2012) Adolescence: protecting and promoting human development in times of economic shocks. Social protection and labor policy note 13. Washington, DC

Dudovitz RN, Nelson BB, Coker TR, Biely C, Li N, Wu LC, Chung PJ (2016) Long-term health implications of school quality. Soc Sci Med 158:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.009

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wightman P, Schoeni RF, Patrick ME, Schulenberg JE (2017) Transitioning to adulthood in the wake of the Great Recession: context and consequences. In: Schoon I, Bynner J (eds) Young people’s development and the Great Recession: uncertain transitions and precarious futures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 235–268. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316779507.011

Sironi M (2018) economic conditions of young adults before and after the great recession. J Fam Econ Issues 39(1):103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9554-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oreopoulos P, von Wachter T, Heisz A (2012) The short- and long-term career effects of graduating in a recession. Am Econ J Appl Econ 4(1):1–29. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.1.1

Article  Google Scholar 

Hertz-Palmor N, Moore TM, Gothelf D, DiDomenico GE, Dekel I, Greenberg DM, Brown LA, Matalon N, Visoki E, White LK, Himes MH, Lifshitz-Schwartz M, Gross R, Gur RC, Gur RE, Pessach IM, Barzilay R (2020) Association among income loss, financial strain and depressive symptoms during COVID-19: evidence from two longitudinal studies. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.15.20195339

Long BT (2014) How the financial crisis and Great Recession affected higher education. In: Brown JR, Hoxby CM (eds) University of Chicago Press, National Bureau of Economic Research, pp 209–233

Bell DN, Blanchflower DG (2011) Young people and the Great Recession. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 27(2):241–267

Article  Google Scholar 

Jones NL, Gilman SE, Cheng TL, Drury SS, Hill CV, Geronimus AT (2019) Life course approaches to the causes of health disparities. Am J Public Health 109(S1):S48–S55. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304738

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee (2010) Income Inequality and the Great Recession. https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/91975589-257c-403b-8093-8f3b584a088c/income-inequality-brief-fall-2010-cmb-and-ces.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2022

Sareen J, Afifi TO, McMillan KA, Asmundson GJ (2011) Relationship between household income and mental disorders: findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(4):419–427. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2007) Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2020) 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Methodological Summary and Definitions. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD

National Bureau of Economic Research (2012) US business cycle expansions and contractions. http://www.nber.org/cycles/

Miech RA, London AS, Wilmoth JM, Koester S (2013) The effects of the military’s antidrug policies over the life course: the case of past-year hallucinogen use. Subst Use Misuse 48(10):837–853. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.800120

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2020) 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Public Use File Codebook. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD

Kessler RC, Merikangas KR (2004) The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): background and aims. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 13(2):60–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.166

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016) Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville (MD)

Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults; Board on Children, Youth, and Families (2015) Investing in the health and well-being of young adults. In: Bonnie RJ, Stroud C, Breiner H (eds) Young adults in the 21st century, vol 2. National Academies Press (US) Institute of Medicine; National Research Council, Washington, DC

Song X, Massey CG, Rolf KA, Ferrie JP, Rothbaum JL, Xie Y (2020) Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117(1):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905094116

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berger T, Engzell P (2020) Trends and disparities in subjective upward mobility since 1940. Socius 6:2378023120951139. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120951139

Article  Google Scholar 

Hout M (2018) Americans’ occupational status reflects the status of both of their parents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(38):9527–9532. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802508115

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smeeding TM (2016) Multiple barriers to economic opportunity for the “truly” disadvantaged and vulnerable. RSF 2(2):98–122. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.2.04

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

VanderWeele TJ, Ding P (2017) Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med 167(4):268–274. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2607

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathur MB, Ding P, Riddell CA, VanderWeele TJ (2018) Web site and R package for computing E-values. Epidemiology 29(5):e45–e47. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000864

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pfeffer FT, Danziger S, Schoeni RF (2013) Wealth disparities before and after the Great Recession. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci 650(1):98–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213497452

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barnes GM, Hoffman JH, Welte JW, Farrell MP, Dintcheff BA (2007) Adolescents’ time use: effects on substance use, delinquency and sexual activity. J Youth Adolescence 36:697–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9075-0

Article  Google Scholar 

Hoeve M, Stams GJ, van der Zouwen M, Vergeer M, Jurrius K, Asscher JJ (2014) A systematic review of financial debt in adolescents and young adults: prevalence, correlates and associations with crime. PLoS ONE 9(8):e104909. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104909

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Twenge JM, Park H (2019) The decline in adult activities among U.S. adolescents, 1976–2016. Child Dev 90(2):638–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12930

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN (2018) Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clin Psychol Sci 6(1):3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376

Article  Google Scholar 

Ivie EJ, Pettitt A, Moses LJ, Allen NB (2020) A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 275:165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunningham S, Hudson CC, Harkness K (2021) Social media and depression symptoms: a meta-analysis. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 49(2):241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00715-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Kamper-DeMarco KE, Zhang J, Xiao J, Dong D, Xue P (2022) Time spent on social media and risk of depression in adolescents: a dose-response meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(9):5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095164

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kreski N, Platt J, Rutherford C, Olfson M, Odgers C, Schulenberg J, Keyes KM (2021) Social media use and depressive symptoms among united states adolescents. J Adolesc Health 68(3):572–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vuorre M, Orben A, Przybylski AK (2021) There is no evidence that associations between adolescents’ digital technology engagement and mental health problems have increased. Clin Psychol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702621994549

Pine DS, Cohen E, Cohen P, Brook J (1999) Adolescent depressive symptoms as predictors of adult depression: moodiness or mood disorder? Am J Psychiatry 156(1):133–135. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.1.133

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolaitis G (2012) Mood disorders in childhood and adolescence: continuities and discontinuities to adulthood. Psychiatriki 23(Suppl 1):94–100

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aalto-Setala T, Marttunen M, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Poikolainen K, Lonnqvist J (2002) Depressive symptoms in adolescence as predictors of early adulthood depressive disorders and maladjustment. Am J Psychiatry 159(7):1235–1237. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1235

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Center for Education Statistics (2019) Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution: selected years, 1963–64 through 2018–19. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_330.10.asp

Rank MR, Hirschl TA (2015) The likelihood of experiencing relative poverty over the life course. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0133513. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133513

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central