Research ArticleOncologyTherapeutics Open Access | 10.1172/JCI170329

Ryan J. Duchatel,1,2,3 Evangeline R. Jackson,1,2,3 Sarah G. Parackal,4,5 Dylan Kiltschewskij,2,6 Izac J. Findlay,1,2,3 Abdul Mannan,1,2 Dilana E. Staudt,1,2,3 Bryce C. Thomas,1,2,3 Zacary P. Germon,1,2 Sandra Laternser,7 Padraic S. Kearney,1,2 M. Fairuz B. Jamaluddin,6 Alicia M. Douglas,1,2 Tyrone Beitaki,1,2 Holly P. McEwen,1,2 Mika L. Persson,1,2,3 Emily A. Hocke,8 Vaibhav Jain,8 Michael Aksu,8 Elizabeth E. Manning,6 Heather C. Murray,2,6 Nicole M. Verrills,2,6 Claire Xin Sun,4,5 Paul Daniel,4,5 Ricardo E. Vilain,2 David A. Skerrett-Byrne,9 Brett Nixon,9 Susan Hua,2,6 Charles E. de Bock,10,11 Yolanda Colino-Sanguino,10,11 Fatima Valdes-Mora,10,11 Maria Tsoli,10,11 David S. Ziegler,10,11,12 Murray J. Cairns,2,6 Eric H. Raabe,13 Nicholas A. Vitanza,14,15 Esther Hulleman,16 Timothy N. Phoenix,17 Carl Koschmann,18 Frank Alvaro,1,2,19 Christopher V. Dayas,6 Christopher L. Tinkle,20 Helen Wheeler,21,22,23 James R. Whittle,24,25,26 David D. Eisenstat,27,28 Ron Firestein,4,5 Sabine Mueller,7,29 Santosh Valvi,30,31,32 Jordan R. Hansford,33,34,35 David M. Ashley,36 Simon G. Gregory,8,36 Lindsay B. Kilburn,37,38 Javad Nazarian,7,37,38 Jason E. Cain,4,5 and Matthew D. Dun1,2,3

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

Find articles by Duchatel, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

Find articles by Jackson, E. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

Find articles by Parackal, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

Find articles by Kiltschewskij, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

Find articles by Findlay, I. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

Find articles by Mannan, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD and ERJ are cofirst authors.

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1Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

2Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

3Paediatric Stream, Mark Hughes Foundation Centre for Brain Cancer Research, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

4Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

5Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

6School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.

7DIPG/DMG Research Center Zurich, Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.

8Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

10Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

11School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

12Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.

13Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

14Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

15Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

16Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.

17Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

18Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

19John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.

20 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

21Department of Radiation Oncology Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

22The Brain Cancer group, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

23Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

24Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

25Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

26Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

27Children’s Cancer Centre, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

28Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

29Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

30Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

31Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Washington, Australia.

32Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia Medical School, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.

33Michael Rice Centre for Hematology and Oncology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

34South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

35South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

36The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

37Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

38The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Address correspondence to: Matthew D. Dun, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Phone: 61.2.4921.5693; Email: matt.dun@newcastle.edu.au. Or to: Jason E. Cain, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61.3.8572.2720; Email: jason.cain@hudson.org.au. Or to: Javad Nazarian, Balgrist Campus, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. Phone: 41.44.266.3776; Email: Javad.Nazarian@kispi.uzh.ch.

Authorship note: RJD