Burger JA. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(5):460–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nabhan C, Rosen ST. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;312(21):2265–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevenson FK, Forconi F, Kipps TJ. Exploring the pathways to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2021;138(10):827–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dighiero G, Hamblin TJ. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The Lancet. 2008;371(9617):1017–29.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jones L, McCalmont H, Evans K, Mayoh C, Kurmasheva RT, Billups CA, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock RB. Preclinical activity of the antibody-drug conjugate denintuzumab mafodotin (SGN-CD19A) against pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(8): e27765.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dawson MA, Kouzarides T. Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy. Cell. 2012;150(1):12–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Odenike O, Rowley JD. Leukaemogenesis: more than mutant genes. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10(1):23–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wingelhofer B, Somervaille TCP. Emerging epigenetic therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia. Front Oncol. 2019;9:850.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santini V, Ossenkoppele GJ. Hypomethylating agents in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: a guide to optimal use. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;140:1–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(8):597–610.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Poi MJ, Tsai MD. Regulatory mechanisms of tumor suppressor P16(INK4A) and their relevance to cancer. Biochemistry. 2011;50(25):5566–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bearzatto A, Conte D, Frattini M, Zaffaroni N, Andriani F, Balestra D, Tavecchio L, Daidone MG, Sozzi G. p16(INK4A) Hypermethylation detected by fluorescent methylation-specific PCR in plasmas from non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(12):3782–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esteller M, Corn PG, Baylin SB, Herman JG. A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer. Cancer Res. 2001;61(8):3225–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JS, Han J, Shim YM, Park J, Kim DH. Aberrant methylation of H-cadherin (CDH13) promoter is associated with tumor progression in primary nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;104(9):1825–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toyooka KO, Toyooka S, Virmani AK, Sathyanarayana UG, Euhus DM, Gilcrease M, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Loss of expression and aberrant methylation of the CDH13 (H-cadherin) gene in breast and lung carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2001;61(11):4556–60.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleisher AS, Esteller M, Tamura G, Rashid A, Stine OC, Yin J, Zou TT, Abraham JM, Kong D, Nishizuka S, et al. Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter is associated with microsatellite instability in early human gastric neoplasia. Oncogene. 2001;20(3):329–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunningham JM, Christensen ER, Tester DJ, Kim CY, Roche PC, Burgart LJ, Thibodeau SN. Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter in colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res. 1998;58(15):3455–60.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baylin SB, Jones PA. Epigenetic determinants of cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2016;8(9):a019505.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rani L, Mathur N, Gupta R, Gogia A, Kaur G, Dhanjal JK, Sundar D, Kumar L, Sharma A. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling integrated with gene expression profiling identifies PAX9 as a novel prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Epigenetics. 2017;9:57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahmatpanah FB, Carstens S, Hooshmand SI, Welsh EC, Sjahputera O, Taylor KH, Bennett LB, Shi H, Davis JW, Arthur GL, et al. Large-scale analysis of DNA methylation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenomics. 2009;1(1):39–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subhash S, Andersson PO, Kosalai ST, Kanduri C, Kanduri M. Global DNA methylation profiling reveals new insights into epigenetically deregulated protein coding and long noncoding RNAs in CLL. Clin Epigenetics. 2016;8:106.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bagacean C, Le Dantec C, Berthou C, Tempescul A, Saad H, Bordron A, Zdrenghea M, Cristea V, Douet-Guilbert N, Renaudineau Y. Combining cytogenetic and epigenetic approaches in chronic lymphocytic leukemia improves prognosis prediction for patients with isolated 13q deletion. Clin Epigenetics. 2017;9:122.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Gao Y, Lin S, Goldin LR, Wang Y, Stevenson H, Edelman DC, Killian K, Marti G, Meltzer PS, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Front Genet. 2022;13:1056043.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quesada V, Conde L, Villamor N, Ordóñez GR, Jares P, Bassaganyas L, Ramsay AJ, Beà S, Pinyol M, Martínez-Trillos A, et al. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Genet. 2011;44(1):47–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pacholewska A, Grimm C, Herling CD, Lienhard M, Königs A, Timmermann B, Altmüller J, Mücke O, Reinhardt HC, Plass C, et al. Altered DNA methylation profiles in SF3B1 mutated CLL patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(17):9337.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Wang X. Targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):165.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li H, Zhao J, Sun J, Tian C, Jiang Q, Ding C, Gan Q, Shu P, Wang X, Qin J, et al. Demethylation of the SFRP4 promoter drives gastric cancer progression via the Wnt pathway. Molecul cancer res MCR. 2021;19(9):1454–64.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pawar NM, Rao P. Secreted frizzled related protein 4 (sFRP4) update: a brief review. Cell Signal. 2018;45:63–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu TH, Raval A, Chen SS, Matkovic JJ, Byrd JC, Plass C. CpG island methylation and expression of the secreted frizzled-related protein gene family in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res. 2006;66(2):653–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deneberg S, Kanduri M, Ali D, Bengtzen S, Karimi M, Qu Y, Kimby E, Mansouri L, Rosenquist R, Lennartsson A, et al. microRNA-34b/c on chromosome 11q23 is aberrantly methylated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenetics. 2014;9(6):910–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raval A, Lucas DM, Matkovic JJ, Bennett KL, Liyanarachchi S, Young DC, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ, Grever MR, Byrd JC, et al. TWIST2 demonstrates differential methylation in immunoglobulin variable heavy chain mutated and unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(17):3877–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bilban M, Heintel D, Scharl T, Woelfel T, Auer MM, Porpaczy E, Kainz B, Krober A, Carey VJ, Shehata M, et al. Deregulated expression of fat and muscle genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with high lipoprotein lipase expression. Leukemia. 2006;20(6):1080–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaderi MA, Kanduri M, Buhl AM, Sevov M, Cahill N, Gunnarsson R, Jansson M, Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H, Jurlander J, et al. LPL is the strongest prognostic factor in a comparative analysis of RNA-based markers in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2011;96(8):1153–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abreu C, Moreno P, Palacios F, Borge M, Morande P, Landoni AI, Gabus R, Dighiero G, Giordano M, Gamberale R, et al. Methylation status regulates lipoprotein lipase expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(8):1844–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyko F. The DNA methyltransferase family: a versatile toolkit for epigenetic regulation. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(2):81–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biran A, Yin S, Kretzmer H, Ten Hacken E, Parvin S, Lucas F, Uduman M, Gutierrez C, Dangle N, Billington L, et al. Activation of notch and myc signaling via B-cell-restricted depletion of dnmt3a generates a consistent murine model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res. 2021;81(24):6117–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central