Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults: Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.

Cheung CY, Biousse V, Keane PA, Schiffrin EL, Wong TY. Hypertensive eye disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2022;8:14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leeman M, Kestelyn P. Glaucoma and blood pressure. Hypertension. 2019;73:944–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yasukawa T, Hanyuda A, Yamagishi K, Yuki K, Uchino M, Ozawa Y, et al. Relationship between blood pressure and intraocular pressure in the JPHC-NEXT eye study. Sci Rep. 2022;12:17493.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leung G, Grant A, Garas AN, Li G, Freeman EE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of systemic antihypertensive medications with intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;255:7–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho H, Shi Y, Chua J, Tham YC, Lim SH, Aung T, et al. Association of systemic medication use with intraocular pressure in a multiethnic Asian population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135:196–202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kastner A, Stuart KV, Montesano G, De Moraes CG, Kang JH, Wiggs JL, et al. Calcium channel blocker use and associated glaucoma and related traits among UK Biobank participants. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2023. e-pub ahead of print 20230907; https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.3877.

Huang Y, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Hui Z, Shang X, Chen Y, et al. Effects of blood pressure and arterial stiffness on retinal neurodegeneration: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from UK Biobank and Chinese cohorts. Hypertension. 2023;80:629–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chong RS, Chee ML, Tham YC, Majithia S, Thakur S, Teo ZL, et al. Association of antihypertensive medication with retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:393–400.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Afsar B, Afsar RE, Dagel T, Kaya E, Erus S, Ortiz A, et al. Capillary rarefaction from the kidney point of view. Clin Kidney J. 2018;11:295–301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lowry EA, Sanders DS. Hypertension management and glaucoma: hypothesizing causes in correlational data. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:401–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirooka K, Kiuchi Y. The retinal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: implications for glaucoma. Antioxid (Basel). 2022;11:610.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Birk M, Baum E, Zadeh JK, Manicam C, Pfeiffer N, Patzak A, et al. Angiotensin II induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in mouse ophthalmic arteries via involvement of AT1 receptors and NOX2. Antioxid (Basel). 2021;10:1238.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nitta E, Hirooka K, Tenkumo K, Fujita T, Nishiyama A, Nakamura T, et al. Aldosterone: a mediator of retinal ganglion cell death and the potential role in the pathogenesis in normal-tension glaucoma. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e711.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Semba K, Namekata K, Guo X, Harada C, Harada T, Mitamura Y. Renin-angiotensin system regulates neurodegeneration in a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5:e1333.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He Z, Vingrys AJ, Armitage JA, Nguyen CT, Bui BV. Chronic hypertension increases susceptibility to acute IOP challenge in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:7888–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szmyd L Jr, Schwartz B. Association of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus with cataract extraction: a case-control study. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1248–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindblad BE, Hakansson N, Philipson B, Wolk A. Metabolic syndrome components in relation to risk of cataract extraction: a prospective cohort study of women. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1687–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu X, Lyu D, Dong X, He J, Yao K. Hypertension and risk of cataract: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e114012.

Article  ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choudhary R, Bodakhe SH. Magnesium taurate prevents cataractogenesis via restoration of lenticular oxidative damage and ATPase function in cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive experimental animals. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;84:836–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choudhary R, Bodakhe SH. Olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker inhibits the progression of cataract formation in cadmium chloride induced hypertensive albino rats. Life Sci. 2016;167:105–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang HL, Byun SJ, Park S, Lee SH, Park SJ, Jung SY. Antihypertensive use and the risk of cataract in patients with hypertension: a nationwide case-control study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2023;30:499–508.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan SA, Choudhary R, Singh A, Bodakhe SH. Hypertension potentiates cataractogenesis in rat eye through modulation of oxidative stress and electrolyte homeostasis. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2016;28:123–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choudhary R, Shree J, Singh A, Bodakhe SH. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of cataract formation in angiotensin-II-induced experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2021;35:e22789.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shree J, Singh A, Choudhary R, Pandey DP, Bodakhe SH. Topical administration of ACE inhibitor interrupts the progression of cataract in two kidney one clip induced hypertensive cataract model. Curr Eye Res. 2022;47:399–408.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyman L, Schachat AP, He Q, Leske MC. Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Age-related macular degeneration risk factors study group. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:351–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hogg RE, Woodside JV, Gilchrist SE, Graydon R, Fletcher AE, Chan W, et al. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are strong risk factors for choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1046–52 e2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan JS, Mitchell P, Smith W, Wang JJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1143–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katsi VK, Marketou ME, Vrachatis DA, Manolis AJ, Nihoyannopoulos P, Tousoulis D, et al. Essential hypertension in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration: a review of the current evidence. J Hypertens. 2015;33:2382–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Striker GE, Praddaude F, Alcazar O, Cousins SW, Marin-Castano ME. Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;295:C1633–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pons M, Cousins SW, Alcazar O, Striker GE, Marin-Castano ME. Angiotensin II-induced MMP-2 activity and MMP-14 and basigin protein expression are mediated via the angiotensin II receptor type 1-mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 pathway in retinal pigment epithelium: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Pathol. 2011;178:2665–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Praddaude F, Cousins SW, Pecher C, Marin-Castano ME. Angiotensin II-induced hypertension regulates AT1 receptor subtypes and extracellular matrix turnover in mouse retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 2009;89:109–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen CC. Perceptive hearing loss and arterial hypertension. Arch Otolaryngol. 1968;87:119–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyata J, Umesawa M, Yoshioka T, Iso H. Association between high systolic blood pressure and objective hearing impairment among Japanese adults: a facility-based retrospective cohort study. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:155–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reed NS, Huddle MG, Betz J, Power MC, Pankow JS, Gottesman R, et al. Association of midlife hypertension with late-life hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161:996–1003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ting J, Jiang K, Du S, Betz J, Reed N, Power MC, et al. Longitudinal blood pressure patterns from mid- to late life and late-life hearing loss in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77:640–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SJ, Reed N, Betz JF, Abraham A, Lee MJ, Sharrett AR, et al. Association between microvascular retinal signs and age-related hearing loss in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS). JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146:152–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee H, Sohn SI, Jung DK, Cho YW, Lim JG, Yi SD, et al. Sudden deafness and anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction. Stroke. 2002;33:2807–12.

Article