Stem cells are considered as cells that have the capability to maintain themselves by means of self-renewal and generating mature cells of a specific tissue via differentiation [1]. Additionally, there are considerations of clonality and potency to take into account [2]. Stem cells can be found in some tissues of the body [3] although, stem cells are scare in many tissue [1].

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a minor fraction of cancer cells, exhibiting traits akin to normal stem cells [4]. It possesses attributes such as high proliferative capacity, potent tumorigenicity, self-renewal, endurance, and the ability to generate diverse cells within a specific cancer sample. The properties of CSCs are governed by a regulatory network of microRNAs and signaling pathways [5]. John Dick pinpointed CSCs in acute myeloid leukemia in late 1994 for the first time (Table 1) which has been the focus at Cancer Research Centers since the early 2000 s [6]. It is believed that CSCs persist within tumors as a distinct group and contribute to recurrences and metastases by generating new tumors, since chemotherapy generally eliminates the differentiated cells that constitute the bulk of the tumor [6]. Nevertheless, the population of CSCs responsible for regenerating new cancer cells persists, leading to the recurrence of the disease. CSCs are found across a wide range of cancers, posing a major global health challenge. Today, cancer is increasingly viewed as a disease of the stem cells [6].

In this review article, we aimed to provide an overview of the key factors involved in cancer stem cell (CSC) biology, specifically focusing on breast, colon, and liver cancers. The selection of these specific cancers is based on their prevalence, clinical significance, and the availability of research data specially in Iran. This review article explores the role of CD markers, signaling pathways, and MicroRNAs in regulating CSC proliferation, survival, and movement, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets. By reviewing existing studies, we highlight the importance of these factors in determining the fate of cancer cells and emphasize the need for further investigation to fully understand their precise roles and impacts. The ultimate goal of this research is to contribute to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for combating cancer.