*Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

†Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

‡Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

§Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC

∥Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK

¶Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, ON, Canada

#Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

C.E., L.Y.S.: conception, design, drafting of the manuscript. A.B.E., L.Y.S.: analysis. C.E., S.B., I.C., M.D., M.A.M., A.B.E., B.T.B., L.Y.S.: interpretation of data, critical revision, and final approval of manuscript.

This study was supported by ICES, which is funded by an annual grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Ministry of Long-Term Care (MLTC). Parts of this material are based on data and/or information compiled and provided by CIHI. However, the analyses, conclusions, opinions, and statements expressed in the material are those of the author(s), and not necessarily those of CIHI. The authors acknowledge that the clinical registry data used in this analysis is from participating hospitals through CorHealth Ontario, which serves as an advisory body to the MOH, is funded by the MOH, and is dedicated to improving the quality, efficiency, access, and equity in the delivery of the continuum of adult cardiac and stroke care in Ontario, Canada. In this project, frailty was identified using the Johns Hopkins ACG® System version 10. The analyses, conclusions, opinions, and statements expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding or data sources; no endorsement is intended or should be inferred. This study was also supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). S.B. was supported by The Ottawa Hospital Anaesthesia Alternate Funds Association and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa with a Tier 2 Clinical Research Chair. The funding organizations had no role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The analyses, conclusions, opinions, and statements expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding or data sources; no endorsement is intended or should be inferred.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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