*Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

†Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

‡Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Training and Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

§Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan American Board of Surgery, Philadelphia, PA

∥Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

¶Center for Evaluating Health Reform, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

R.A.H. receives unrelated funding from the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5T32DK108740-05). A.E.T. receives unrelated funding from the Ruth L Kirschstein Institutional National Service Award administered by the National Institutes of Health. C.S.B. receives unrelated funding from the Ruth L. Kirschstein Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Award administered by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (F32-DA050416). A.M.R. receives unrelated funding from the NIH and AHRQ. B.M. receives funding from the NIH. J.B.D. receives grant funding from the NIH, AHRQ, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation, and is a cofounder of ArborMetrix, Inc. B.C.G received funding for this work from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ; 5K08HS027653-02) and receives unrelated funding from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Edward J. Stemmler M.D. Medical Education Research Fund, the American Board of Medical Specialties, the American Board of Family Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

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