*Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

†Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

‡Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

§Center for Outcomes Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

∥Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

¶Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

#Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

**Department of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

R.P.R., F.L.A., and S.J.H.: conception or design. R.O., R.P.R., R.J.G., J.S., H.A.S., H.S., K.R.R., F.L.A., and S.J.H.: acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. R.O., R.P.R., F.L.A., and S.J.H.: drafting of the manuscript. R.O., R.P.R., R.J.G., J.S., H.A.S., H.S., K.R.R., F.L.A., and S.J.H.: critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and final approval of the version to be published. R.P.R., R.J.G., and S.J.H.: statistical analysis. F.L.A. and S.J.H.: obtaining funding. J.S. and S.J.H.: administrative, technical, or material support. S.J.H.: supervision.

This research was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (Grant # R01AG060928). Dr. Ramadan was supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Research Service Award (T32; Grant # 5T32HS026116).

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

[email protected].

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