aDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan

bDepartment of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

cDepartment of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan

dNeurology, VA Maryland Healthcare System

Departments of eNeurology

fPharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

gLaboratory of Drug Addiction and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Japan

Received 31 July 2023 Accepted as revised 7 January 2024.

*These authors listed in alphabetical order contributed equally to this study as medical students participating in an orientation course for medical sciences (2022) held in the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University.

Correspondence to Junichi Kitanaka, PhD, Laboratory of Drug Addiction and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan E-mail: [email protected]