Center for Cardiac, Pulmonary and Vascular Fitness, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (Drs Buckley and Simmons and Mss Mahoney and Pierce); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Buckley); Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Wycoff); Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Simmons); and Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (Dr Adami).

Correspondence: Maria L. Buckley, PhD, The Miriam Hospital, Center for Cardiac, Pulmonary and Vascular Fitness. 208 Collyer Street, Providence, RI 02904 ([email protected]).

M.L.B. contributed to conception of the work, literature review, data extraction, data organization and interpretation, first draft, and revision of manuscript; A.M.W., first draft of introduction and revision of manuscript; K.M., data extraction and revision of manuscript; J.F.P., data extraction; J.S., conception of work, data interpretation, pulmonary medicine consultation, and revision of manuscript; and A.A., conception of work, data organization and interpretation, and revision of manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

All authors meet the 4 ICMJE criteria for authorship.

Andrea Wycoff is funded by NIH T32 AA007459 (Miranda/Monti). Alessandra Adami is funded by NIH R01HL151452 (Rossiter/Adami).

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The authors declare no conflict of interest. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation.