Vanholder, R. et al. Organ donation and transplantation: a multi-stakeholder call to action. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 17, 554–568 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GODT. International Report on Organ Donation and Transplantation Activities 2021 (2022); https://www.transplant-observatory.org/2021-global-report-5/.

Domínguez-Gil, B. et al. The reality of inadequate patient care and the need for a global action framework in organ donation and transplantation. Transplantation 106, 2111–2117 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism (2018 edition). Transplantation 103, 218–219 (2019).

Gill, J., Clark, S., Gill, G., Gill, J. & Richardson, C. A survey study to examine willingness to travel for transplantation and consider commercial transplantation among a multiethnic cohort of Canadians. Kidney Int. Rep. 8, 898–906 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goyal, M., Mehta, R. L., Schneiderman, L. J. & Sehgal, A. R. Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 288, 1589–1593 (2002).

Article  Google Scholar 

Semrau, L. & Matas, A. J. A regulated system of incentives for living kidney donation: clearing the way for an informed assessment. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 2509–2514 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. WHO guiding principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation. Transplantation 90, 229–233 (2010).

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin, D. E. et al. A new edition of the Declaration of Istanbul: updated guidance to combat organ trafficking and transplant tourism worldwide. Kidney Int. 95, 757–759 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Council of Europe. Resolution CM/Res(2017)2 on establishing procedures for the management of patients having received an organ transplant abroad upon return to their home country to receive follow-up care (2017).